Journal of Insights in Basic and Applied Sciences
The Journal of Insights in Basic and Applied Sciences (JIBAS) (ISSN: 3106-1737) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by Alqala Aljadida University in Libya. Located at https://jibas.com.ly/index.php/jibas/en , JIBAS is dedicated to advancing scientific knowledge by publishing high-quality research across various fields of basic and applied sciences. The journal publishes four issues per year. Vision To be a leading platform for scientific discourse and innovation, contributing to the global advancement of knowledge in basic and applied sciences. Mission To provide a high-quality, open-access platform for researchers to publish their original and impactful work, ensuring a rigorous and fair peer-review process. Aims Knowledge Dissemination: To publish cutting-edge research and make it freely accessible to the global scientific community. Scientific Integrity: To uphold the highest standards of academic integrity and promote ethical research practices. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: To foster collaboration among researchers from diverse scientific disciplines. For further inquiries, please get in touch with the editor at jibas.publishing@gmail.com or via WhatsApp at +218927648287.
A Comparative Study of Biological Samples (Blood, Urine, and Hair) Used in Forensic Laboratories for Drug Detection: A Narrative Scientific Review of Their Nature, Differences, Forensic and Clinical Applications, and Diagnostic Efficacy
Background: Various biological samples from the precise scientific basis for detecting drug abuse in forensic medicine, with blood, urine, and hair being among the most commonly used samples in this field. However, each of these biological samples possesses distinct characteristics regarding detection windows, diagnostic accuracy, and legal value. Despite the importance of this subject, specialized studies on the matter in Arabic are scarce at both local and regional levels. Objective: This study aims to conduct a comprehensive scientific narrative comparison of blood, urine, and hair biological samples in drug detection in Arabic, by analyzing their biological characteristics, diagnostic efficacy, forensic applications, and the challenges associated with interpreting their results. Methodology: The current study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, reviewing recent scientific literature and international guidelines in the field of biological samples and forensic toxicology. Results: The results of the current study indicate that biological samples—specifically blood—are the most suitable for detecting recent drug use and assessing pharmacological effects, as they reflect the actual concentration of substances shortly after consumption. In contrast, urine is the optimal choice for routine drug screening due to the ease of collection and analysis, serving as an effective means to detect drug metabolites over a longer period. Hair is distinguished by its ability to document chronic drug use over extended periods—potentially spanning months—by providing a long-term chronological record; this makes it valuable for assessing chronic or repeated use, rendering it highly significant in criminal cases and monitoring programs. Conclusion: It cannot be definitively stated that any single biological sample is the best in all cases; rather, the choice of sample depends on the purpose of the test, the expected timeframe of substance use, and the nature of the case. Combining multiple types of biological samples with modern confirmatory analysis techniques enhances the accuracy and reliability of the results.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Theoretical analysis for better understanding Muography
Utilizing muons in geoscience has been increase over the last decade. Radiographic imaging using muons, also termed Muography, is relied on the measurement of the muon’s absorption, created by the interaction of cosmic rays with the earth’s atmosphere, in matter. Muons are considered elementary particles with potent penetrating activity, a privilege that allows them able to cross bodies of dimensions of the order for hundreds of meters. Earlier researches throw a light on practical side for muon particle. Therefore, the current work places an emphasis on establishing a scientific theoretical base for better understanding the mechanism for muography. Accordingly, it will participate in innovating tools for accurate, safe, and professional muography. Herein, we aim to clarify the physical characteristics for muon particle, and how it is preferable compared to other techniques. The theoretical analysis has been performed to elucidate the interaction between the substance and muon from the physics’ point of view. Moreover, systems and principles of muon imaging innovation, explanation of muon’s creation, lifetime, distance, interaction, physical characteristics, and applications of muons in Geoscience are explained. Taken together, we aim to realize the basic mechanisms to get clear muon radiography with focusing on theoretical advantages for muography in comparison to traditional radiations
The Geographical Distribution of Urban Centers on the Banks of the Bani Walid Valley and its Historical Relationship to Natural Features
This type of study receives special attention for monitoring and tracking the shape and pattern of the geographical distribution of ancient urban centers that existed at some point on the banks of dry valleys, such as Wadi Bani Walid, which was targeted by this research, where residential neighborhoods were distributed on its banks, represented by (the tribes). This valley has long enjoyed agricultural importance resulting from its fertile soil, the abundance of its diverse trees, and its seasonal flow. The availability of its groundwater, represented by a group of old surface wells whose depth does not exceed 60 meters, in addition to cisterns that preserve rainwater, which of course helped to stabilize the population and establish urban centers (the tribes number 55). Hence, this research focuses on three main axes, trying to reveal the impact of the natural geographical factor on the pattern of this distribution, in which it will be sufficient to refer to two factors, namely: 1- Water 2- The nature of the valley, which are as follows: - The first axis: Introducing the city of Bani Walid (location). - The second axis: the pattern of geographical distribution of urban centers in the city. - Third axis: Natural factors affecting distribution (water, valley).
In Silico Evaluation and ADMET Profiling of Silybum marianum Bioactive Compounds as Selective COX-2 Inhibitors
Long-term administration of selective COX-2 inhibitors from synthetic sources faces restrictions owing to adverse effects on cardiovascular and digestive system, maintaining the focus on designing different and natural compounds which would exhibit better isoform selectivity. Silybum marianum is abundant with various flavonolignan and flavonoid phytoconstituents which have shown some anti-inflammatory effect; however, their potential for isoform-specific selectivity of binding to COX-2 enzyme and oral bioavailability still needs to be investigated systematically. To compare S. marianum phytoconstituents regarding their selectivity towards COX-1/COX-2 isoforms, active site interactions and pharmacokinetic/toxicological characteristics compared to nine NSAID and coxib drugs. Docking of twelve phytoconstituents was performed against COX-2 enzyme and its counterpart COX-1 enzyme using PyRx 0.8/AutoDock Vina. The degree of isoform selectivity was calculated through SI (Selectivity Index) and hierarchical clustering by Z-score normalization method. Pose reproducibility was evaluated using RMSD distance between separate docking experiments aligned in PyMOL. ADMET analysis and druglikeness were predicted through SwissADME while toxicity with ProTox-II. Taxifolin (ΔG = −9.8 kcal/mol; SI = 1.13) and quercetin (ΔG = −9.7 kcal/mol; SI = 1.10) were the only phytoconstituents demonstrating COX-2 selective efficacy equivalent to clinically used coxibs (SI 1.13-1.27), stabilized by conserved interactions with Ser339 and Val509 resembling those in the binding pocket of celecoxib. Furthermore, taxifolin and quercetin possessed high oral bioavailability and Lipinski compliance, unlike larger flavonolignans, which suffered from a high topological polar surface area (TPSA > 150 Å²). The majority of phytoconstituents had a low toxicity profile (LD₅₀ ≥ 2000 mg/kg), with the exception of quercetin (LD₅₀ = 159 mg/kg). Thus, taxifolin and quercetin can be considered structurally validated and pharmacokinetically suitable anti-inflammatory drug candidates targeting COX-2, providing an alternative approach from common silymarin formulations.
Study of Shear Strength Resistance in Confined Concrete Beams
High strength concrete provides high strength than a normal concrete but less ductility. Over-reinforcing the concrete beam tends to lower the ductility which lead to structures fail without good warning. In order to avoid these kinds of brittle failures Euro codes and other standards does not allow designers to over-reinforce the concrete beam. Even though the code does not allow over-reinforcing, sometimes the designers may need to over-reinforce the beam due to certain limitations. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to increase the ductility of the beam by introducing helical reinforcement in the compression area. In this research is to study the behavior of reinforced concrete beams with a single and double steel helical confinement in the compression zone. The investigation will be about the flexural behavior of the confined the reinforced concrete beams with respect to ultimate shear strength. The reinforced concrete beams were under-reinforced with a provided steel ratio of (ρ 0.866%) for the first sets of beams and (ρ 1.29%) for the second set of the beams. By using a high strength concrete of fck= 60N/mm2 In this research, the six under-reinforced high strength RC beams dimensions of 200 mm (width), 300 mm (height) having 2000 mm in length with a clear span of 1700 mm that is divided into three categories control beam, single and double confinement beam having same pitch but different steel provided ratio. From this experiment, it expected that the confined concrete beams will have a higher flexural strength and enhanced the shear strength compare to the controlled beams.
Natural Origins, Electrochemical Precision: Plant-Based Materials in Modern Sensing Devices
Electrochemical sensors represent a cornerstone of modern analytical technology due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response. In recent years, the integration of plant-derived materials into sensor platforms has emerged as a promising avenue to enhance sustainability, reduce reliance on synthetic components, and introduce unique biofunctionalities. Medicinal plants, rich in phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes, offer a renewable source of redox-active and surface-modifying agents. These compounds not only improve electron transfer kinetics but also confer biocompatibility and selectivity toward specific analytes. This review explores recent advances in the use of medicinal plant extracts, carbonized plant biomass, and plant-based composites for electrochemical sensing applications. Case studies highlight their role in detecting environmental pollutants, foodborne contaminants, and clinical biomarkers. Emphasis is placed on material synthesis, sensor architecture, and performance metrics, offering insight into both fundamental mechanisms and practical applications. The review also addresses current limitations and outlines future directions for scalable fabrication and regulatory integration of plant-based electrochemical sensors.
Decentralized Green Hydrogen Energy Systems: Optimizing 5kW Electrolyzer-Fuel Cell Integration with Metal Hydride Storage for Off-Grid Homes
This paper presents the design and computational analysis of a decentralized green-hydrogen energy system that was designed to be used in off-grid residential setups in the southern region of Libya. The suggested architecture includes a 2kW photovoltaic array, a 5kW proton-exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, metal-hydride hydrogen storage, and a 1kW PEM fuel cell that will be integrated under an Energy Management System (EMS). The results of simulation done in MATLAB/Simulink supports the robust operation of the system with autonomy horizon of 24-36 hours, load coverage of more than 95% and a round-trip electrical efficiency of between 27 to 32 % (lower heating value) at different levels of solar irradiance. The safety tests prove that the triggering of hydrogen-leak detection and mitigation systems is completed within 3s, hence meeting the ISO requirements outlined in ISO 14687. Techno-economic studies provide a cost of electricity that is levelized at USD 0.25-0.30/kWh, making the offered solution quite competitive with respect to the traditional diesel generation. Together the findings support the feasibility of the hydrogen-based microgrids as a solid, clean energy source to support rural households in Libya, and thus contributing to the further implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 7.
Eco-Friendly Concrete Produced from Ceramic Waste
The construction sector is increasingly shifting towards sustainable practices, driven by the urgent need to curb the depletion of natural resources and reduce the carbon footprint. This paper aims to review the feasibility of utilizing ceramic waste generated from the tile and sanitary ware industry, as well as construction and demolition debris as a sustainable alternative to traditional materials in concrete production. The research examines the mechanical properties (compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength) and durability characteristics (chloride penetration resistance, sulfate resistance, freeze-thaw resistance, and permeability) of concrete incorporating ceramic waste, supported by the latest scientific literature. The findings indicate that the optimal replacement of ceramic waste whether used as aggregate or as a supplementary cementitious material can significantly enhance mechanical performance and durability, while delivering tangible environmental and economic benefits. This makes the technique a promising avenue towards achieving sustainable development goals in the construction industry.
Sensitivity Analysis and Programmatic Verification of Transportation Problems: A Comparison Between Manual Method and Software Solutions Using R and python: An Applied Study on Abnaa Al-Mashat Cement Brick Factory
The transportation problem is one of the most important applications of linear programming in operations research, aiming to determine the optimal distribution plan that achieves the minimum possible cost while adhering to supply and demand constraints, making it an effective tool for supporting logistical decisions in industrial enterprises. This study aims to validate the manual solutions of the transportation problem and compare them with programmatic solutions using R and Python, in addition to conducting sensitivity analysis to assess the stability of the optimal solution and extract shadow prices and reduced costs, thereby supporting decision-making under potential changes in model data. The study relied on a transportation model applied at the Abnaa Al-Mashat factory for cement brick manufacturing, utilizing supply, demand, and transportation cost data derived from a previous study (Alfaqihe-Alshrefe, 2025). The model was solved manually using the Northwest Corner, Least Cost, and Vogel's Approximation methods, in addition to the Two-Phase Simplex algorithm, and then verified programmatically using the lpSolve library in R and the PuLP library in Python. The results showed a complete match between the manual and programmatic solutions, with the minimum total transportation cost reaching 155,650 monetary units. Sensitivity analysis also evaluated shadow prices and reduced costs and tested the stability of the optimal solution, showing that the optimal solution possesses a good degree of stability, and the shadow prices provided quantitative indicators to assess the impact of changes in resources and demand on the total cost.
Assessment of The Protective Role of Ginger Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Comparative Study According to the Time Period
Following a previous study (2013) that demonstrated ginger,s failure to protect the liver from paracetamol toxicity and its potential to exacerbate the harmful effects. This study aimed to clarify whether the duration of the dose used in the experiment affected ginger,s protective role. Male rabbits were used to study the effects of different doses of aqueous ginger extract (100,200,400)mg administered for 15 and 30 days on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. The results showed that paracetamol caused liver tissue damage, elevated ALP,AST,ALT, Bilirubin levels, and decreased Albumin, total protein levels. Pre-dose of ginger for 15 days improved the physiological and histological changes. Unfortunately, pre-dose of ginger for 30 days further reduced albumin levels.
Performance Evaluation of Uncoded and Convolutionally Coded Alamouti MIMO Systems for Image Transmission over Rayleigh Fading Channels
Reliable wireless image transmission over fading channels remains a significant challenge due to the combined effects of multipath propagation and additive noise, which degrade both transmission reliability and reconstructed image quality. This paper presents and evaluates an integrated 2×2 Alamouti multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) image transmission framework that combines spatial diversity, rate-1/2 convolutional channel coding, and three digital modulation schemes to improve communication reliability over Rayleigh fading channels. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), and 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) are investigated to analyze the trade-off between transmission reliability and spectral efficiency. System performance is evaluated through bit error rate (BER) analysis over a wide range of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values, while the quality of the reconstructed images is assessed using the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and the Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM). The simulation results demonstrate that the combination of Alamouti space-time block coding and convolutional coding significantly enhances transmission reliability over Rayleigh fading channels. Among the investigated modulation schemes, BPSK achieves the lowest BER together with the highest image reconstruction quality, yielding a PSNR of 58.38 dB and an SSIM of 0.9996 at an operating SNR of 10 dB, whereas comparable image quality is maintained at an SNR of 2 dB when convolutional coding is employed. QPSK provides an effective compromise between transmission reliability and spectral efficiency, whereas 16-QAM offers the highest spectral efficiency at the expense of increased sensitivity to channel impairments. Overall, the obtained results demonstrate that the integration of Alamouti STBC and convolutional coding provides a reliable and computationally efficient approach for wireless image transmission and offers practical design guidelines for selecting appropriate modulation schemes according to application requirements
Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai against the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Libya: A Bioassay Approach for Sustainable Wax Moth Control
The greater wax moth belongs to the order Lepidoptera, family Wax Moth. It is a serious and destructive pest in honeybee farming, causing significant losses to honeycomb throughout North Africa. Due to its severity, most beekeepers in the region resort to dangerous chemical pesticides such as paradichlorobenzene (Paradex), leading to its accumulation in bee products and posing an environmental risk. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a microbial pesticide (Bacillus thuringiensis genus aizawai) on the larvae and its mechanism of action in controlling them. The larval stages of the greater wax moth were obtained from infested bee colonies and reared in a nutrient-rich medium. Tests were conducted at different concentrations of the microbial pesticide: 1.0%, 1.8%, 3.3%, and 6.0%. The results of a one-way ANOVA analysis showed a dose-dependent difference in larval mortality. At a concentration of 6.0%, larval mortality was 100%. The mean standard deviations clearly and statistically significant (p < 0.05) confirm the effectiveness of the higher concentrations (6% and 3.3%) of the pesticide, indicating the efficacy of its active ingredient, B. thuringiensis. The alkaline environment within the midgut causes the bacteria's toxic crystals to rupture the tissue and lyse the epithelial cells, leading to septicemia and larval death. (Midgut of the larva.) Spraying stored wax combs with a 3.3% microbial pesticide in the fall protects the combs from infestation by this pest, thus contributing to reducing or avoiding chemical control, which ensures that honeybee products meet health standards and are exported abroad.
The Problematic of Authenticity and Creativity in Artwork Produced by Artificial Intelligence
Visual arts have undergone profound transformations in recent de cades due to the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technologies, raising significant questions regarding the concepts of originality and creativity in contemporary artistic production. This article aims to discuss the notions of originality and creativity in visual arts, trace the emergence and applications of artificial intelligence in artistic practice, and review major critical perspectives concerning the authenticity of Al-generated artworks. The study also examines the evolving relation ship between the artist and the machine and the redefinition of the creative process within human-algorithm collaboration. Through the analysis of selected Al-generated art works, the article explores their aesthetic and expressive characteristics and the extent within artistic intentionality is manifested within them. The study concludes that artificial intelligence constitutes a new creative tool that expands the possibilities of artistic practice; however, originality remains closely linked to the artist's role in conceptualizing ideas, directing the production. Process, and embedding cultural and conceptual meanings into the artwork.
Study of the Effect of Pomegranate Peel Aqueous Extract on Germination and Growth of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of pomegranate peel aqueous extract as a natural and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers, and to determine its effect as a biostimulant on the germination indicators and early growth rates of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The experiment involved irrigating the plants with different concentrations of pomegranate peel aqueous extract (0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%) with three replicates per treatment, using distilled water (0%) as a control treatment. Upon terminating the experiment after 21 days, morphological measurements were recorded, including length, fresh and dry weights of both shoot and root systems, and leaf area of the barley plant. The obtained results indicated that using the extract had a remarkably positive effect on the morphological measurements, particularly at the 6% concentration, which showed an optimal response in supporting growth, proving its success as a safe and effective bio-alternative in sustainable agriculture. Although the 9% concentration outperformed the control, it recorded a decline in vital indicators compared to the 6% concentration, indicating an inhibitory effect. This may be attributed to the high concentration of phenolic compounds, which could lead to partial inhibition of some nutrient absorption or adversely affect root membrane permeability. Based on these results, it is recommended to replace chemical fertilizers with this extract to mitigate environmental pollution, while adhering to the optimal concentration (6%) and avoiding the (9%) concentration to prevent adverse inhibitory effects. Future research should transition to field conditions and evaluate its efficacy on other strategic crops.
Adsorption Study of O- amino acetophenone From Its Aqueous Solution On The Surface Of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose Graftting By Acrylamid
This research studies the ability of grafting carboxy methyl cellulose by acrylamide for adsorption of organic compound from their aqueous solutions the compound in question o-aminoacetophenone. Adsorption isotherm of the studied compound was determined and was similar to s-type isotherms . the resulting adsorption was of physical type and obeyed the Freundlich equation, where the amount of adsorbed material increasing equilibrium. The research also includes a thermodynamic study of the adsorption process. The results showed that 250C is the optimal temperature in terms of the amount of adsorbed material, and that the adsorption process is spontaneous, exothermic, and tends towards uniformity. We also conducted a study of the effect of particle size on the adsoption process. The results showed that the effectiveness of the adsorbing surface in receiving the molecules of the adsorbed compounds increases with increasing surface area. An increase in the amount of adsorbed material was observed with decreasing particle size. The surface properties and crystal morphology of CMC polymer particles were studied before and after acrylamide doping using x-ray and infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the CMC polymer is amorphous and has many cavities and irregularities before the doing process, while after. Acrylamide doping it has more homogeneous regular crystal morphology. In this research, we also studied the effect of the doping ratio on the amount of adsorbent. The results indicated that the amount of adsorbed quantity increases with increasing grafting percentage.
A KL-Domain Estimator-Correlator Framework for Gaussian Signal Detection in WGN and Unknown Channels
This paper addresses the problem of Gaussian random signal detection in white Gaussian noise under unknown frequency-selective multipath channels. While the classical Estimator-Correlator (EC) receiver achieves theoretical optimality, its reliance on perfect a-priori knowledge of the signal covariance matrix leads to severe performance degradation when the channel is unknown. To resolve this limitation, we propose a robust adaptive Karhunen-Loeve (KL) domain EC framework that exploits a short training block to perform an online Eigenvalue Decomposition (EVD), dynamically estimating the effective received signal subspace without requiring explicit channel inversion. An asymptotic performance analysis is conducted using large deviations theory, characterizing the error exponent decay rates as a function of spectral distortion between the true and estimated covariance structures. Monte Carlo simulations validate the proposed framework under a severe frequency-selective multipath channel, demonstrating improved ROC performance, convergence behavior, and robustness compared to the classical mismatched EC baseline.
Analyzing the Impact of Operating Conditions and Ambient Temperature on Gas Turbine Power Plant Performance
This study investigates how operating parameters specifically compression ratio and air-to-fuel ratio along with ambient temperature impact the overall performance of a gas turbine power plant. An analytical model was developed using Microsoft Excel to assess the plant's operational characteristics across varying environmental temperatures. Such an assessment is particularly vital for regions like Libya, which experience significant temperature fluctuations annually. Findings indicate that greater compression ratios enhance both specific work output and thermal efficiency, whereas elevated ambient temperatures and higher air-to-fuel ratios diminish them. Furthermore, specific fuel consumption rises as the ambient temperature and air-to-fuel ratio increase, particularly at lower compression ratios.
Structural, Microstructural, and Superconducting Properties of Si-substituted YBa2 Cu3 O7- δ Ceramics
This study investigates the effect of Silicon (Si) substitution on the microstructure and superconducting properties of the Y Ba2(Cu1-x Si x)3 O7-δ high-temperature superconductor, with composition ranging from x = 0.00 to x = 0.03. Samples were synthesized using the conventional solid-state reaction method. The morphological and microstructural characteristics were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that while the pure sample (x = 0.00) exhibits rectangular block grains aligned in preferred directions, the Si-substituted samples show a tendency toward grain size reduction, with an average grain size found to be less than 2 \mu m for all compositions. Furthermore, the microstructure of the substituted samples reveals a higher degree of irregularity, flaky grain shapes, and increased porosity at higher Si concentrations, which significantly reduces the connectivity between grains. Although the study highlights morphological changes, these structural modifications are critical for understanding the superconducting behavior, as they directly impact the critical current density and overall material performance. The findings suggest that Si substitution influences the grain growth mechanism and density of the Y Ba2(Cu1-x Si x)3 O7-δ system, emphasizing the importance of optimizing processing parameters to maintain superconducting performance in polycrystalline ceramics.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation potential of Malva parviflora L. in Soil of the Al-Hawari Industrial Area, Benghazi, Libya
This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of common mallow (Malva parviflora L.) in taking up heavy metals (Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni)) from soil impacted by emanations from a cement production facility in the Al-Hawari industrial zone, Benghazi, Libya. Soil and vegetation (roots and aerial parts) samples were gathered from the location and examined in the lab. Findings demonstrated that the earth was basic (pH = 7.9 ± 0.1) and high in clay (68.45%) and calcium carbonate (27.78 ± 1.5%). Phytochemical examination of the flora disclosed a wealth of tannins and phenolics. The Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Translocation Factor (TF) were computed to gauge plant performance. Chromium registered the greatest BCF figure (12.700), whereas Zinc registered the highest TF figure (5.643). Nickel displayed a distinct tendency toward fixation in the roots (TF = 0.708). Inferential testing utilizing a paired t-test suggested variations in average levels between roots and shoots, although these did not achieve the typical threshold of statistical importance (p > 0.05), which might be due to the high inherent fluctuation in field measurements. The outcomes indicate that common mallow possesses notable capacity for application in phytoremediation techniques, for both uptake (of Zn and Cr) and immobilization (of Ni), in comparable industrial settings
"The Relationship Between Clinical Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Body Mass Index, Dietary Patterns, and Their Association with Hemoglobin Levels Among a Female Students in Zliten City"
Nutritional anemia is a common health problem influenced by numerous behavioral, nutritional, and clinical factors. This exploratory study aimed to assess the relationship between hemoglobin levels and certain gastrointestinal clinical manifestations (such as diarrhea and flatulence), body mass index (BMI), and dietary patterns in a sample of individuals in Zliten. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a purposive sample of 50 cases. Behavioral and clinical data were collected using a custom-designed questionnaire that demonstrated sufficient face validity, while hemoglobin levels were measured in the laboratory. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software (version 25), employing chi-squared (χ²) tests, linear correlation, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results revealed a statistically significant linear relationship between the severity of anemia and the frequency of recurrent diarrhea (P = 0.023), while no significant relationship was found with the presentation of flatulence (P = 0.176). On the other hand, analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated no statistically significant differences in mean hemoglobin levels attributable to body mass index (BMI) (F = 0.060). Similarly, dietary patterns related to whole grains showed no significant differences (P = 0.983) due to the homogeneity of consumption habits in the study population. The study concluded that anemia in the studied sample is closely linked to functional gastrointestinal disorders that negatively affect physiological nutrient absorption, while being completely independent of BMI. This highlights the issue of Hidden Hunger and the importance of food quality rather than quantity. The study recommends that gastrointestinal health assessment be a fundamental component of anemia diagnosis and treatment protocols
Nano-Engineered Interfaces and Charge Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress, Degradation Dynamics, and Future Scalability
Nano-engineered interfaces and charge transport layers (CTLs) have become fundamental to the advancement of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their simultaneous control over carrier selectivity, interfacial recombination, and operational durability. This critical review systematically evaluates the efficiency-stability trade-off governed by nanostructured transport matrices, emphasizing how interfacial energy alignment, defect density, and mechanical mismatch collectively dictate device behavior under real-world operating conditions. Particular attention is devoted to coupled degradation cascades, including field-driven ion and defect migration along grain boundaries, trap-assisted non-radiative recombination pathways, chemical corrosion and volatilization at reactive boundaries, and thermomechanical modulus mismatches induced by diurnal thermal cycling. Furthermore, this review dissects recent milestones in nano-engineered electron and hole transport materials configured to mitigate these losses through optimized band alignment and enhanced interface selectivity. We highlight quantum-confined tin dioxide SnO₂ quantum dots (QDs) for their ideal conduction band minimum (CBM) matching with the perovskite layer, enabling downhill electron extraction while providing a robust hole-blocking barrier. Concurrently, homogenized nickel oxide NiOₓ nanoparticles, specifically m-NiOₓ, are evaluated as promising hole-selective contacts. The deeper valence band maximum (VBM) of m-NiOₓ (≈ –5.36 eV versus –5.22 eV in conventional c-NiOₓ) offers a superior energetic match with the perovskite valence edge, accelerating hole extraction and improving electron blocking. A forward-looking roadmap is outlined, focusing on Machine Learning (ML)-assisted screening of interfaces, standardized multi-stress stability tracking under ISOS protocols, and eco-friendly scalable manufacturing.
Groundwater quality assessment using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) in Derna, Libya, following Cyclone Daniel
Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water in the city of Derna, eastern Libya. However, the catastrophic flooding caused by Tropical Storm Daniel has raised serious concerns about the degradation of groundwater quality and its suitability for human consumption. This study aims to assess the impact of Tropical Storm Daniel on groundwater quality through the application of the Water Quality Index (WQI) and the Pollution Load Index (PLI). Groundwater samples were collected from several wells in the city of Derna after the disaster. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters analyzed included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrates (NO₃⁻), nitrites (NO₂⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), ammonia (NH₃), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and total coliforms. Water quality assessment was conducted in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and Libyan standards. The results revealed significant spatial variability in groundwater quality among the wells studied. Water quality index (WQI) values ​​ranged from 30.55 to 127.78, indicating quality classes from excellent to poor. The Kouriya and Bab Tobrouk wells exhibited the best water quality, with WQI values ​​of 30.55 and 44.00, respectively. In contrast, the Al-Jubaila and Al-Masouri wells recorded the highest values ​​(127.78), indicating a significant decline in water quality. This deterioration is primarily linked to high concentrations of electrical conductivity (4550 µS/cm), TDS (2520 mg/L), nitrates (66.4 mg/L), ammonium (0.6 mg/L), and ammonia (0.6 mg/L). PLI values ​​ranged from 0.211 to 1.703, indicating that the majority of wells were unpolluted, while some showed significant contamination. Furthermore, severe microbiological contamination was observed in some wells, with E. coli concentrations exceeding 100 CFU/100 mL. The results demonstrate that Storm Daniel had a significant impact on groundwater quality, promoting salinization, nitrogen enrichment, and localized microbiological contamination. Continuous monitoring, along with appropriate management and treatment measures, is therefore essential to ensure the safety and sustainability of groundwater resources in the Derna region.
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to Libya: An Analytical Field Study (2020–2025)
This study analyses the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows to Libya (2020–2025) using a descriptive-analytical field approach. A validated questionnaire was administered to a purposive expert sample (n=27, response rate 90%; Cronbach's α=0.944). One-sample t-tests and Pearson correlations were applied. Political and security determinants ranked first (M=4.42, t=18.49, r=0.894), followed by macroeconomic factors (M=4.34), legislative/institutional determinants (M=4.12), and sectoral prospects (M=3.95); all significant at p<0.001. The study recommends prioritising political stability, revising Investment Law No. 9 (2010), unifying the exchange rate, and digitalising investment procedures
The Impact of Environmental And Climatic Changes on Food Security In Libya: An Analytical Study of The Challenges and Effects
In recent decades, the world has witnessed rapid environmental and climatic changes that have impacted various vital sectors. Food security is among the areas most affected by these changes, particularly in developing countries that suffer from fragile natural resources and weak environmental policies. This study aims to analyze the impact of environmental and climatic changes on food security in Libya, focusing on the manifestations of climate change, such as rising temperatures, declining rainfall, desertification, and water scarcity, and their repercussions on agricultural production and the sustainability of food resources. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, reviewing relevant scientific literature and international and regional reports. It also analyzes the current state of the Libyan agricultural sector and the challenges it faces in light of current climate changes. Furthermore, the study seeks to highlight the role of environmental governance and development policies in mitigating the negative impacts of climate change and enhancing food security. The study concluded that climate change poses a real threat to food security in Libya due to the degradation of agricultural land, depletion of water resources, and weak environmental adaptation capacity. This necessitates the adoption of effective national strategies based on the sustainable management of natural resources, the promotion of modern agricultural technologies, and the development of environmental legislation that supports food security. The study recommends strengthening regional and international cooperation to address climate challenges and achieve sustainable development.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Promoting the Sustainable Development Goals
This paper explores the transformative role of artificial intelligence ( AI ) as a strategic tool for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ). It highlights the immense potential of machine learning and big data analytics across vital sectors—including healthcare, education, smart agriculture, and sustainable cities—to optimize resources and combat climate change. However, the study also critically examines the significant challenges of this digital transformation, such as algorithmic bias, privacy violations, the massive carbon footprint of data centers, and the risk of widening the digital divide between the Global North and South. The paper concludes that robust international governance frameworks and ethical legislation are essential to ensure a responsible technological revolution, recommending substantial investment in "green AI" and global cooperation for inclusive knowledge transfer.
The Effect of Temperature and Storage Period on The Quality Characteristics of Fertilized Eggs
This study, conducted in Derna, northeastern Libya, revealed the effect of storage temperature, duration, and location on the quality parameters of fertilized eggs. The study included 60 fertilized eggs from hybrid laying hens, divided into two groups. The first group was stored under refrigerated conditions (5°C), and the second group at room temperature during the summer for varying periods (5, 10, and 20 days). The results showed a significant and gradual deterioration in the quality of the internal components of the eggs over time. This negative effect was more pronounced at room temperature compared to refrigerated storage, with a significant decrease in total egg weight, as well as the weight of both the yolk and albumen, by day 20. This decrease was attributed to the evaporation and loss of carbon dioxide through the pores. The values of the Ho unit and the yolk index also showed a sharp decrease at room temperature, reflecting albumen liquefaction, flattening of the yolk membrane, and increased rupture. Conversely, the expansion of the air cell to fill the void created by the evaporation of the contents led to a proportional increase in its diameter with the length of the storage period. While the outer shell exhibited physical and chemical stability with respect to weight, a significant decrease in shell thickness occurred at room temperature due to internal egg dehydration. The study concludes that the storage time factor is conditionally related to temperature, and that refrigerated storage is the optimal and necessary method for minimizing biochemical and physical reactions and inhibiting the embryo's vital processes to maintain a state of physiological dormancy. This ensures the preservation of the structural integrity and nutritional value of the fertilized egg and reduces early embryonic mortality.
Analytical Representation of Lightning Current Impulses
Lightning is a natural phenomenon that generates high-magnitude current impulses, posing significant risks to electrical and structural systems. The accurate modeling of lightning current waveforms is crucial for designing effective protection systems. This paper presents an analytical representation of the lightning current impulse, focusing on its waveform characteristics, key parameters, and mathematical modeling. Various methods for approximating the current front and tail are discussed, along with simulations that illustrate the behavior of lightning strokes. The study provides insights into the analytical techniques used to model lightning surges, aiding engineers in improving lightning protection strategies.
The Integrative Role of Mathematics in Information Security, Mathematical Modeling and Decision Support through Information Systems
Contemporary institutions face increasing challenges in managing information risks due to the growing complexity of digital environments and the diversity of threat sources, in this context, an important question emerges regarding the actual role of mathematics in strengthening information security and improving the quality of related decisions, this research addresses this issue by analyzing the structural relationship between mathematics, information security, mathematical modeling and decision support systems. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the mathematical foundations underlying digital protection mechanisms, it explains how mathematical models are used to measure and analyze risks and explores the role of decision support systems in transforming quantitative results into comparable decision alternatives, the analysis focuses on the transition from qualitative risk assessment to quantitative approaches based on probability theory and optimization models, which help reduce uncertainty and enhance the objectivity of security decisions. The findings indicate that the integration of mathematical analysis, risk management and modeling contributes to improving the efficiency of information systems by reorganizing decision-making processes within a structured quantitative framework, the research also concludes that mathematical modeling represents a central mechanism for linking security data with institutional decision environments, thereby reducing bias and supporting rational decision-making. The paper proposes an integrative conceptual framework that clarifies the interaction among these components within a unified analytical system, this framework provides a scientific basis for developing quantitative models that can be applied and tested in future research.
Electromagnetic Compatibility–Driven Design and Real-Time Control of Multilevel Inverters for Conducted EMI Reduction
Multilevel inverters (MLIs), as a robust solution, have gained popularity for medium and high-power applications owing to its excellent quality of output waveforms, higher efficiency performance, lower switching stress and superior scalability over conventional two-level converters. The increasing use of these types of circuits by the implementation in renewable power systems, electric vehicles, smart grids, industrial motor drives and energy storage systems means electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) has become a significant issue for the design of most power electronics nowadays. Multilevel inverters are using high frequency causes to radiate EMI, but also the switching operation at multi-level inverter creates a major conducted EMI sources due to rapid voltage transitions, parasitic coupling effects and common-mode voltage generation. These disturbances can impair system reliability, reduce communication and sensing performance, and make compliance with international EMC standards more difficult. Traditional EMI mitigation methods are largely based on passive filters or shielding structures, requiring modifications with changes to the grounding and direct re-design of hardware that add cost, size, weight and power losses in addition to leading to an after-the-fact manner of addressing EMI once converters have been developed. The above-mentioned methods are losing significance in modern power electronic systems which have higher switching frequencies, lower inductances and wide-bandgap semiconductors utilized. Therefore, this has led to the need for design approaches where EMC is integrated into inverter compensation and operation as part of control methodology rather than post-design compliance. This paper presents an Electromagnetic Compatibility–Driven Design and Real-Time Control Framework for multilevel inverters to minimize conducted EMI at the source while preserving high-performance converter operation. The proposed methodology is a combination of inverter modelling, modulation strategy selection, switching-state control and real-time implementation in order to incorporate EMC requirements. To support controller design and performance analysis, a detailed inverter model including switching dynamics, parasitic components, common-mode behavior and conducted EMI propagation mechanisms is developed. Advanced EMC-aware control methods are used for conducted emission suppression, common-mode voltage and current reduction, power quality increase, and compliance with international EMC regulations. To assess practicality under realistic operating conditions, the proposed framework has been implemented on real-time control platforms such as Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) and Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs). The EMI measurements involve harmonic analysis, efficiency evaluation, common-mode behavior characterization and comparison against CISPR and IEC standards. The results show that, by integrating EMC considerations directly into controller design, it is possible to achieve significant source level EMI reduction without performance loss in the dynamic and power quality domain. The framework proposed in this study offers a practical and scalable approach to the development of next-generation EMC-compliant multilevel inverter systems for industrial, transportation, and renewable power generation applications.
Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Identifying the Factors Causing Delays in the Completion of Infrastructure Projects in the City of Ghat
This research investigates the key factors contributing, to delays in infrastructure projects in Ghat, a remote desert city in southwestern Libya. Despite recent development efforts, projects in the city face major implementation challenges. A descriptive analytical methodology was employed, and data were collected via an electronic questionnaire distributed to engineers, project managers, and field workers in Ghat Municipality. The findings reveal that financial, administrative, and technical factors are the primary causes of project delays. The study concludes with a set of practical recommendations for the relevant authorities to mitigate these delays in future projects.
Infrastructure Projects In The City Of Ghat
The Factors Causing Delays In Their Completion
And Appropriate Solutions And Recommendations.