Journal of Insights in Basic and Applied Sciences
type: channel
description: The Journal of Insights in Basic and Applied Sciences (JIBAS) (ISSN: 3106-1737) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by Alqala Aljadida University in Libya. Located at https://jibas.com.ly/index.php/jibas/en , JIBAS is dedicated to advancing scientific knowledge by publishing high-quality research across various fields of basic and applied sciences. The journal publishes four issues per year. Vision To be a leading platform for scientific discourse and innovation, contributing to the global advancement of knowledge in basic and applied sciences. Mission To provide a high-quality, open-access platform for researchers to publish their original and impactful work, ensuring a rigorous and fair peer-review process. Aims Knowledge Dissemination: To publish cutting-edge research and make it freely accessible to the global scientific community. Scientific Integrity: To uphold the highest standards of academic integrity and promote ethical research practices. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: To foster collaboration among researchers from diverse scientific disciplines. For further inquiries, please get in touch with the editor at jibas.publishing@gmail.com or via WhatsApp at +218927648287.
publisher: Alqala Aljadida University
language: en
publication name: Journal of Insights in Basic and Applied Sciences
issn: 3106-1737
items: The Positive and Negative Effects of the Wife on Internal Combustion Engine Oils (Gasoline – Diesel) in Libya
items: Utilizing the Central Courtyard of Traditional Architecture to Reinforce It in Modern Architecture
items: Comparative Study of Pre-tensioning and Post-tensioning Techniques in Prestressed Concrete: A Case Study of a Bridge Project in Tripoli
items: Attitudes of Physical Education College Students Towards Using Active Learning Strategies and Their Relationship with Ambition Level
items: A Finite Element Study of Elastic-Plastic Analysis and Autofrettage Optimization for Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels with Cracks
items: Predictive Maintenance for MTU Marine Diesel Engine Using Lubrication Analysis
items: A Comparative Statistical Analysis of Simple and Double Exponential Smoothing Models: An Application to Libya's Population Data (1960- 2024)
items: Evaluation of Peppermint and Clove oils on Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters of Broiler Chickens
items: The Informational Utilization of WhatsApp in Supporting the Educational Process: A Descriptive Study from the Perspective of Omar Al-Mukhtar University Students
items: Carrier Aggregation for Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Advanced Mobile Communication Platform
items: Study of the C(4×2) Structure Resulting from the Adsorption of CO Molecules on the MgO (001) Surface
items: Stability and Local Bifurcation Analysis of a Measles SVIR Model with Waning Vaccine-Induced Immunity
items: Design and Wideband Performance Analysis of a 40-GHz Bicone Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Radar Applications
items: A Study on Diabetes Mellitus and its Relationship with Diabetic Retinopathy in Sabratha and Sorman Regions and Methods of Prevention
items: An Analytical Study: The Mathematical Relationship Between Hamming Theory for Error Correction and Representation in Classical Spaces with Applications of Supervised Machine Learning
items: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Microbiological Profile of Tuberculosis Patients at a National Referral Center in Tripoli, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study (May–July 2023)
items: Theoretical Investigation of Solar Radiation in Bani Walid, Libya
items: Design and Simulation of Low Pass and Band Stop Microwave Filters
items: Integrating Agile and DevOps Practices into IT Service Management Education: A Simulated Performance and Maturity Analysis
items: Synergizing Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles: An Experimental Analysis of Grid Integration, Charging Optimization, and Environmental Impact
items: Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reaction Patterns: A Data-Driven Study on Drug Safety in Clinical Practice
items: Antibiotic Resistance Trends in Hospital Settings: A 5-Year Cross-Sectional Analysis from Clinical Isolates
items: Adverse Drug Reactions in Polypharmacy: A Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study Using EHR Data
items: Accelerating the Green Transition: An Experimental Study on the Integration of Renewable Energy with Electric Vehicle Infrastructure

The Positive and Negative Effects of the Wife on Internal Combustion Engine Oils (Gasoline – Diesel) in Libya
type: item
description: This research aims to study and analyze the technical characteristics and practical performance of internal combustion engine oils (gasoline and diesel) and the effects of their viscosity in the Libyan context. The research focuses on analyzing the relationship between viscosity and temperature under Libya's diverse climatic conditions, while evaluating the properties of different oils and providing practical recommendations for selecting the appropriate oil. The study begins by explaining the fundamental properties of oils, specifically viscosity and its indicators (kinematic and dynamic), pour point, flash point, and total base number (TBN). It also covers the manufacturing process, starting from the vacuum distillation of crude oil, through the stages of solvent extraction and removal of asphalt and wax, and concluding with the addition of enhancing agents, detergents, dispersants, and other chemical additives that improve oil performance. The research presents a comparative analysis of major global oil classifications, such as SAE, API, and ACEA, and links them to local needs in Libya, recommending multi-grade oils (e.g., SAE 10W-40) for their ability to adapt to thermal fluctuations between winter and summer. The research also discusses the main types of oils available in the market: mineral, synthetic, semi-synthetic, and high-mileage oils, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each. In the practical aspect, the research provides recommendations for oil change intervals (every 3,000–6,000 km depending on the season and conditions), while emphasizing the importance of periodic maintenance and using suitable oils for both old and modern engines. The research concludes by stressing the need to raise awareness among Libyan consumers about oil selection criteria, enhance market quality control, and conduct further field studies to evaluate the actual performance of oils under Libya's specific conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Engine oil
  topic: keywords
subject: Viscosity
  topic: keywords
subject: Synthetic oils
  topic: keywords
subject: Mineral oils
  topic: keywords
subject: SAE classification
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
subject: Pour point
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemical additives
  topic: keywords
subject: Engine maintenance
  topic: keywords
creator: Osama Hamad Abd Alsalam Alasamar Alhadheeri
creator: Ahmed Salem Mohamed Alrwiq
creator: Murad Salem Mohamed Alrawiq
creator: Abdulgader Alsharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-22
publication date: 2026-01-22
starting page: 57
ending page: 81
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v2i1.49

Utilizing the Central Courtyard of Traditional Architecture to Reinforce It in Modern Architecture
type: item
description: Since the nineteenth century, there has been a noticeable interest in traditional architectural design. During this period, particular attention was drawn to the central courtyard, and numerous studies were conducted on traditional architecture, encompassing both historical and contemporary approaches up to the late 1960s. This study aims to benefit from the central courtyard in traditional architecture and to reinforce its integration into modern architectural design. Most previous studies on traditional architecture were limited in scope, and the findings revealed a weakening of the role of the internal courtyard in some contemporary local architectural models. This was primarily due to the absence of appropriate characteristics and criteria aligned with the concepts of interior space design within contemporary architectural trends. In subsequent years, studies related to traditional architecture were reconsidered from a new perspective. However, architectural researchers tended to overlook the traditional courtyard due to the advancement of modern architecture and the emergence of shortcomings and uncertainties regarding this architectural type. This study explores the role of the central courtyard in traditional architecture and highlights the advantages of this architectural element in accordance with sustainable architecture principles. Furthermore, it investigates the potential application of the courtyard concept to meet the needs of contemporary modern architecture. These studies do not aim to preserve or replicate historical forms, but rather to utilize their patterns and experiences to create new forms that adhere to the core concepts of traditional architecture within modern architectural practice.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Modern architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Central courtyard
  topic: keywords
subject: Architectural design
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Tariq Ramadan Bakra
creator: Dr. Ahmed Ali Amer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 46
ending page: 56
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v2i1.47

Comparative Study of Pre-tensioning and Post-tensioning Techniques in Prestressed Concrete: A Case Study of a Bridge Project in Tripoli
type: item
description: Prestressed concrete technology is an advanced structural solution designed to enhance the mechanical performance of concrete elements and mitigate cracking and deflection caused by service loads. This technique relies on inducing internal compressive stresses to counteract tensile stresses during service, thereby improving durability, stiffness, and structural longevity. This study explores the fundamental principles of prestressed concrete, highlighting the distinctions between pre-tensioning and post-tensioning regarding execution and application. It features a case study of a concrete bridge in Tripoli implemented via post-tensioning. The analysis is based on technical data from the executing company, including geometric dimensions, concrete properties, and prestressing tendon specifications. Results indicate that post-tensioning significantly improved the bridge's structural behavior by reducing tensile stresses and cracking while increasing load-bearing capacity. The study achieved both structural and economic efficiency suitable for the project’s requirements. In conclusion, post-tensioning proves to be a reliable and effective choice for concrete bridge design, especially for long-span projects under variable environmental and operational conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Prestressed Concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Post-tensioning
  topic: keywords
subject: Pre-tensioning
  topic: keywords
subject: Bridges
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Tensile Stress
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamza A. Ibrahim
creator: Prof.Dr. Ahmed M. Segayer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-15
publication date: 2026-01-15
starting page: 37
ending page: 45
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v2i1.44

Attitudes of Physical Education College Students Towards Using Active Learning Strategies and Their Relationship with Ambition Level
type: item
description: The educational process is undergoing a fundamental shift towards more effective learning models based on actively engaging learners, with active learning strategies at the forefront of these models. This study aimed to uncover the relationship between the attitudes of physical education college students towards active learning strategies and their ambition levels. The researcher used the correlational descriptive method, applying the study to a sample of (55) students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Al-Aziziya City, using a three-axis questionnaire. Results revealed high positive attitudes towards active learning strategies with a mean of (2.66), and a high ambition level with a mean of (2.78). The results also showed a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between the two variables, with a correlation coefficient of (0.782). The results showed no statistically significant differences attributable to the academic level variable. The study concluded that active learning strategies play a pivotal role in enhancing students' academic and professional ambition, and recommended generalizing the use of these strategies in study courses and training faculty members on their effective application.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Student Attitudes
  topic: keywords
subject: Active Learning Strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Ambition
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Mohamed Aboushita
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-14
publication date: 2026-01-14
starting page: 22
ending page: 36
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v2i1.43

A Finite Element Study of Elastic-Plastic Analysis and Autofrettage Optimization for Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels with Cracks
type: item
description: This study conducts a detailed finite element analysis of thick-walled pressure vessels under internal pressure, focusing on how yield criteria selection, autofrettage optimization, and external axial cracks affect structural integrity. Using a numerical model developed in ABAQUS with aluminum alloy 6061-T6, results were closely aligned (within 2%) with classical Lamé solutions. The analysis focused on yield theories, especially those due to Von Mises and Tresca, and indicated a large variation of 15.4% in elastic limit prediction with direct implications for design compliance and resource utilization. In autofrettage analysis, kinematic hardening was employed with a high degree of Bauschinger effect accuracy, resulting in a difference of 12.4% compared with isotropic hardening. Based on mesh convergence analysis, it was found that dividing the wall into 15 segments is most efficient with a 1.7% difference at the interface between the inner and outer walls. Notably, external axial cracks notably reduced capacity; a 10 mm crack led to a 26.1% drop in yield-based limit pressure. The fracture mechanics analysis shows a requirement for a minimum safe working pressure of 34 MPa, reflecting a 70.7% reduction needed to prevent catastrophic crack propagation. The autofrettage operation at 120 MPa improved the elasticity limit by 27% and created a positive compressive residual stress of 85 MPa in the inner bore. The significance of a different approach to the design of a cracked vs. an uncracked vessel is highlighted with heavy emphasis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Finite Element Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Thick-Walled Pressure Vessel
  topic: keywords
subject: Elastic-Plastic Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Autofrettage
  topic: keywords
subject: External Axial Cracks
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Fargani
creator: Mohammed Hepa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-11
publication date: 2026-01-11
starting page: 12
ending page: 21
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v2i1.42

Predictive Maintenance for MTU Marine Diesel Engine Using Lubrication Analysis
type: item
description: الصيانة التنبئوية لها أهمية كبيرة لاكتشاف الأعطال في الآلات الميكانيكية والتي من شانها أن تساعد على اكتشاف الأعطال قبل حدوتها، وهناك عدة طرق لهذه الصيانة مثل مراقبة الاهتزازات، لهذا النوع من الصيانة يساهم في استمرار العملية الإنتاجية بدون نوقف مفاجئ. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تطوير نموذج صيانة تنبؤية لمراقبة منظومة تزييت محرك ديزل بحري من نوع MTU باستخدام منصة Arduino UNO كنموذج محاكاة عملي. وقد تم التركيز على دراسة السلوك الفيزيائي لزيت التزييت من خلال تحليل العلاقات بين درجة الحرارة، اللزوجة، معدل التدفق، والضغط، باعتبارها المتغيرات الأكثر تأثيرًا على كفاءة التزييت وسلامة المحرك. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن العلاقة بين درجة الحرارة واللزوجة تمثل العامل الحاكم الأساسي في أداء منظومة التزييت، حيث يؤدي ارتفاع درجة الحرارة إلى انخفاض اللزوجة وزيادة معدل التدفق، مما قد يؤثر سلبًا على قدرة الزيت على تكوين طبقة تزييت كافية عند تجاوز الحدود التصميمية. كما بينت النتائج أن العلاقة بين الضغط ومعدل التدفق تُعد مؤشرًا فعالًا للكشف المبكر عن الأعطال مثل انسداد المرشحات، ضعف المضخة، أو التسرب الداخلي. ومكّن دمج هذه العلاقات ضمن نظام إنذار متعدد المستويات من بناء نموذج صيانة تنبؤية قادر على إصدار إنذارات مبكرة وتحذيرات متدرجة وصولًا إلى الإيقاف الحرج (Shutdown)، بما يساهم في تقليل الأعطال المفاجئة وتحسين موثوقية التشغيل، وتؤكد الدراسة أن استخدام متحكمات منخفضة التكلفة مثل Arduino، عند دمجها مع نماذج فيزيائية قائمة على علاقات فيزيائية صحيحة، يمكن أن يشكل أداة فعالة في تطبيقات الصيانة التنبؤية للمحركات البحرية.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Predictive maintenance
  topic: keywords
subject: Lubrication system
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine diesel engine
  topic: keywords
subject: Arduino UNO
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulsalam Al-Rashidi
creator: Nuri eshoul
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-05
publication date: 2026-01-05
starting page: 01
ending page: 11
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v2i1.41

A Comparative Statistical Analysis of Simple and Double Exponential Smoothing Models: An Application to Libya's Population Data (1960- 2024)
type: item
description: This study aims to apply the Exponential Smoothing method to forecast the population of Libya during the period 1960–2024, with a comparison between the Simple and Double Exponential Smoothing models to identify the most accurate and suitable model for predicting population time series. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, where population data were collected and analyzed to identify the general trends of the time series, and then both models were implemented using Minitab software. The results indicate that Libya’s population has followed an overall increasing trend in recent years. The comparison between the models shows a clear difference in forecasting accuracy, with the Double Exponential Smoothing model achieving the lowest values for all accuracy measures (MSD, MAD, MAPE), making it the most suitable for future population forecasts. Predictions using the double model indicate a continuous increase in population during the period 2025–2034, reflecting the ongoing upward trend. The study recommends using the Double Exponential Smoothing model as the primary forecasting tool for population, with regular updates as new data become available, and utilizing the results for planning in education, health, and housing to meet future population needs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Population of Libya
  topic: keywords
subject: Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Data
  topic: keywords
subject: Time series
  topic: keywords
subject: Smoothing model
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Mohamed Sawadi
creator: Salem Mohamed Altabouni
creator: Alshiteewi Ali Imseelikh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 140
ending page: 150
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.40

Evaluation of Peppermint and Clove oils on Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters of Broiler Chickens
type: item
description: The impact of peppermint and clove oils on the growth performance and hematological parameters of broiler chickens was investigated during the 2025 season on a private farm in Bani Walid, Libya. We bought 41-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) from a nearby hatchery. Based on a fully randomized design, the birds were weighed upon arrival and then randomly assigned to one of nine treatments, each consisting of three replicates of 12 birds. Peppermint (PO) (200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg) and clove oils (CO) (150, 300, 450, and 600 mg/kg) were the dietary treatments; the control treatment was a baseline diet. The average active ingredient concentration of clove and peppermint oils was taken into consideration when selecting the dosages of dietary supplements as treatments. The results obtained indicated that increasing the amount of clove oil up to 600 mg/kg resulted in a higher value of weight gain, whereas increasing the amount of peppermint oil up to 600 mg/kg resulted in a higher value of weight gain. Additionally, the control treatment recorded higher values of feed intake and feed: grain ratio, respectively. Furthermore, increasing the amount of clove oil up to 600 mg/kg resulted in greater values of RBC, WBC, Hb, HCT, PCV, MCV, and MCH than the control treatment, which had lower values of these parameters. In contrast to the control treatment, which recorded greater values of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and LDL, increasing the amount of peppermint up to 800 mg/kg resulted in higher values of total protein and HDL. When taken as a whole, these results show that peppermint and clove oils can be useful natural substitutes for growth stimulants, supporting not only enhanced performance but also improved intestinal health and immunological status in broiler production systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Broiler chickens, peppermint oil, clove oil, Growth performance, Hematological and biochemical parameters
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Majid Al-Fatyouri Lameen
creator: Ramadan Daw Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-26
publication date: 2025-12-26
starting page: 127
ending page: 139
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.38

The Informational Utilization of WhatsApp in Supporting the Educational Process: A Descriptive Study from the Perspective of Omar Al-Mukhtar University Students
type: item
description: The study aimed to identify the extent of the informational benefit from the WhatsApp application in supporting the educational process from the perspective of Omar Al-Mukhtar University students. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and utilized a questionnaire consisting of (23) items, applied to a sample of (135) male and female students distributed across three departments: Library Science (32), Planning and Administration (70), and Media (33). This was done by monitoring the patterns of academic use of the application and identifying the most prominent obstacles limiting its effectiveness. The results showed that the vast majority of the sample students own smartphones (93.9%). Participation in WhatsApp groups reached (90.2%), reflecting the students' readiness to use the application in an educational context. The results also indicated that (66.5%) of students use WhatsApp to exchange opinions and discuss lectures, and that (60.7%) rely on it to obtain educational process information, such as lecture schedules and exam dates. The results indicated that (54.8%) of students exchange academic files via WhatsApp, while (75.6%) believe that multimedia contributes to facilitating the understanding of study content. Furthermore, (79.3%) of students reported that using WhatsApp contributed to developing their technical skills, and (75.5%) see it as supporting self-learning, while (60.8%) confirmed that its use increases their motivation to learn. The results also showed that (88%) of students do not consider WhatsApp merely a chatting tool but rather an effective educational tool. Conversely, the study revealed some obstacles, represented by poor internet network, acknowledged by (88%) of students, in addition to the abundance of unimportant messages indicated by (54.7%), as well as the feeling of discomfort reported by (65.8%) due to the blending of personal and educational life. The study concluded that the WhatsApp application is an effective informa…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Informational benefit
  topic: keywords
subject: WhatsApp
  topic: keywords
subject: Collaborative learning
  topic: keywords
subject: technical skills
  topic: keywords
subject: Omar Al-Mukhtar University
  topic: keywords
creator: Samiha Rizq Amnissi
creator: Ibtisam Rizq Amnissi
creator: Amal Mohammed Al-Fadeel
creator: Nour Alhuda Mohammed Al-Qubaili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 109
ending page: 126
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.37

Carrier Aggregation for Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Advanced Mobile Communication Platform
type: item
description: This research implements and evaluates Carrier Aggregation (CA) techniques in LTE-Advanced networks to address escalating mobile data demands. Using LTE Link Layer Simulator in a 4G test bed, we investigate continuous spectrum aggregation at the physical layer, analyzing impacts on Block Error Rate (BER), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and throughput. Experimental results demonstrate that aggregated signals exhibit smooth BER-SNR characteristics while maintaining throughput efficiency approaching theoretical limits. The study confirms CA's viability for bandwidth expansion in next-generation networks, though implementation requires careful optimization to balance performance gains against processing complexity. These findings contribute practical insights into LTE-Advanced deployment, particularly regarding physical layer modifications necessary to support multimedia-rich mobile services
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Osama Mohammed Hassan Elhodairi
creator: Taha E. Alhoudire
creator: Adel Ali Alsonousi Saeid
creator: Esmail Mahmoud Ali Esmail
creator: Mohamed Abdurrhman Salem Alhodiri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 96
ending page: 108
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.36

Study of the C(4×2) Structure Resulting from the Adsorption of CO Molecules on the MgO (001) Surface
type: item
description: This research presents a model simulating the c(4×2) surface superstructure formed by the physical adsorption of carbon monoxide molecules on the (001) MgO crystal surface, using the Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm. Simulation results indicate that the stable structure at low temperatures adopts the c(4×2) pattern, where the primitive cell contains three molecules, while the centered unit cell contains six molecules. Adsorption sites are found to cluster near Mg²⁺ ions, with a clear dominance of vertical over tilted molecules at a ratio of approximately 2:1. The tilted molecules stabilize at a polar angle of about 31°, which aligns well with data extracted from PIRS experiments. Previous findings have shown that vertical molecules centered directly above Mg²⁺ ions form regular rows occupying all surface sites, whereas tilted molecules deviate slightly from ion positions by distances on the order of tenths of an angstrom toward their inclination, forming alternating rows with vertical ones—every two tilted rows separated by one vertical row. The simulation also revealed that full monolayer coverage primarily consists of tilted rows, and that transformation and surface desorption processes lead to the formation of the c(4×2) arrangement, with one vertical row between tilted rows. The results of this work show strong consistency with data obtained from various experimental techniques.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Adsorption
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahmoud A. Kawan
creator: Moftah A. Ben Yazid
creator: Ahmed A. Awhida
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 89
ending page: 95
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.35

Stability and Local Bifurcation Analysis of a Measles SVIR Model with Waning Vaccine-Induced Immunity
type: item
description: This study presents a mathematical model to investigate the transmission dynamics of measles in a population following the introduction of vaccination. The population is divided into four epidemiological compartments: Susceptible <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>S</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , Vaccinated <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>V</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , Infected <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>I</m:r><m:r>)</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>,</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> and Recovered <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>R</m:r><m:r>).</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Local Bifurcation
  topic: keywords
subject: Measles
  topic: keywords
subject: Stability
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccination
  topic: keywords
creator: Faisal O. Alqatrouni
creator: Abdassalam B. H. Aldaikh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Insights in Basic and Applied Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 75
ending page: 88
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.31

Design and Wideband Performance Analysis of a 40-GHz Bicone Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Radar Applications
type: item
description: This work describes the design and simulation of a compact Bicone antenna optimized for 40-GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar. The antenna employs the broad bandwidth feature of biconical structures to ensure stable impedance matching at high frequencies. ANSYS HFSS full-wave electromagnetic modeling is used to optimize cone angles, feed design, and overall size. Results demonstrate excellent return-loss performance near 40 GHz, with a wide bandwidth that enables reliable radar sensing in various conditions. The radiation pattern remains stable and nearly omnidirectional, making it ideal for short-range detection. Simulated gain confirms its suitability for high-precision mmWave radar systems. The structure’s low profile and simple mechanics facilitate fabrication and integration. Performance comparisons highlight its advantages over traditional narrowband antennas. Overall, the proposed bicone antenna exhibits strong potential for future 40-GHz radar applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bicone antenna
  topic: keywords
subject: Wideband antennas
  topic: keywords
subject: Next‑generation radar systems
  topic: keywords
subject: mmWave
  topic: keywords
subject: radiation pattern
  topic: keywords
creator: Yahya Entiefa Mansour
creator: Abdaraouf Abdalla Ashuli
creator: Eman Mohammed Alnegrat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-22
publication date: 2025-12-22
starting page: 67
ending page: 74
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.28

A Study on Diabetes Mellitus and its Relationship with Diabetic Retinopathy in Sabratha and Sorman Regions and Methods of Prevention
type: item
description: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), assess the prevalence of DR, and determine the associated clinical and behavioral risk factors among diabetic patients in Sabratha and Sorman regions, Libya. A descriptive-analytical cross-sectional design was utilized, involving a convenient sample of 28 patients diagnosed with DR from specialized clinics and hospitals in the study areas. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire focusing on demographic information, clinical measurements (e.g., HbA1c, blood pressure), treatment adherence, and lifestyle factors. Results indicated that the majority of patients (78.6%) with DR were suffering from Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Insulin-Dependent) and showed high adherence to prescribed medication (85.71%). Clinically, macular edema led to vision decrease and blood vessel damage. Importantly, the analysis of behavioral factors revealed that unhealthy dietary patterns had the highest standard deviation, suggesting a significant lack of dietary adherence and self-management, which strongly correlates with disease progression. Furthermore, poor regularity in performing the HbA1c test was a major indicator of increased risk of ocular complications. The study concludes that DR is a significant complication in the region, largely exacerbated by poor dietary control and inconsistent follow-up. It strongly recommends intensive health education programs focusing on proper nutrition and regular screening (retinal examination and HbA1c testing) as key preventive strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: HbA1c
  topic: keywords
subject: Sorman
  topic: keywords
subject: Preventive Measures
  topic: keywords
creator: Elhadi E. Gunbaej
creator: Rabyah B. Ali
creator: Abdulrahman Aboulqasim Rahoumah Allahlahi
creator: Abdulrahman Alsharif Salim Habas
creator: Muad Altahir Aldahish Saeid
creator: Muhanid Farahat Alhadi Abujanah
creator: Ali Mohammed Mohammed Altaeb
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-22
publication date: 2025-12-22
starting page: 62
ending page: 66
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.27

An Analytical Study: The Mathematical Relationship Between Hamming Theory for Error Correction and Representation in Classical Spaces with Applications of Supervised Machine Learning
type: item
description: This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of the mathematical relationship between Hamming code error-correction mechanisms and their geometric representation within Euclidean vector spaces, with particular emphasis on supervised machine learning applications. Recent developments in deep learning frameworks have demonstrated significant potential for enhancing decoding procedures beyond traditional algorithmic approaches. Our research combines rigorous theoretical foundations with experimental validation, achieving 100% error-correction accuracy for the (7,4) Hamming code through a carefully designed multi-layer neural network architecture by MATLAB. The study reveals that neural-network-based decoders significantly outperform conventional algorithms in terms of accuracy, robustness, and noise tolerance when operating in challenging environments. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge at the intersection of coding theory, vector space mathematics, and artificial intelligence, providing both theoretical insights and practical implications for next-generation communication systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hamming codes
  topic: keywords
subject: Error correction
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Neural network decoding
  topic: keywords
subject: Vector space representation
  topic: keywords
subject: , Supervised machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Alsanousi Aboujanah
creator: Ramdan AM Khalifa
creator: Riyadh A S Asbeetah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 49
ending page: 61
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.18

Epidemiological, Clinical, and Microbiological Profile of Tuberculosis Patients at a National Referral Center in Tripoli, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study (May–July 2023)
type: item
description: Background: Tuberculosis (TB) persists as a critical global health issue, with a disproportionate burden in conflict-affected and developing regions like Libya. Current local data on its epidemiological trends, resistance patterns, and associated risk factors are scarce but essential for effective public health intervention. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, demographic distribution, clinical characteristics, microbiological profiles, and antibiotic resistance patterns among TB patients attending the National Center for Disease Control (NCDC) in Tripoli. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from May 1 to July 31, 2023. A total of 35 clinically suspected or diagnosed TB patients were enrolled. Data were collected via structured questionnaires, clinical examination, and laboratory analysis of sputum and blood samples. Diagnostic methods included acid-fast bacilli (AFB) microscopy, culture, GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay (as a proxy for PCR), interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), and chest radiography. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: The male-to-female ratio was 4.8:1, with 83% (n=29) male patients. The most affected age group was 41-50 years (63%, n=22). Smoking was universal among male patients (100% of males, 83% of total sample). Active pulmonary TB was diagnosed in 71% (n=25) of cases, while 29% (n=10) had latent TB infection (LTBI). Antibiotic resistance was detected in 29% (n=10) of cases. Common comorbidities included diabetes mellitus (43%, n=15), chronic kidney disease (34%, n=12), and HIV/AIDS (23%, n=8). Sputum testing was the primary diagnostic tool (43%), followed by blood-based IGRA (37%). Conclusion: This study reveals a high burden of TB among middle-aged, smoking Libyan males, with concerning rates of active disease and antibiotic resistance. The strong association with non-communicable diseases like diabetes underscores the need for integrated care models. These findings call for s…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tuberculosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
subject: Epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Smoking
  topic: keywords
subject: Comorbidities
  topic: keywords
subject: Cross-Sectional Study
  topic: keywords
creator: Maesm Ahmed Mohamed Ben Hsin
creator: Hamza Ahmed Mohammad Emsaed
creator: Nagla T. T. Arab
creator: Reda Abdulhamid Alhaj S Abo Ain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-11
publication date: 2025-12-11
starting page: 31
ending page: 48
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.17

Theoretical Investigation of Solar Radiation in Bani Walid, Libya
type: item
description: Bani-Walid is a town located on the edge of the Libya Desert. It is characterized by great solar activation, especially in mid of June, when the sunny hours exceed the fourteen. Based on this consideration, a theoretical study was conducted to calculate the total incident solar radiation per unit area in this town. The study revealed that the total solar radiation reaches the surface of the earth at about 10.54185 kWh/m2/day, in mid of June, and the peak sun hours reached 10 hours. This allows the investor to build solar plants to supply electric power to this town instead of electric power stations that depend on fossil fuels that emit gases, dust, and cause environmental pollution
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Solar radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Solar energy
  topic: keywords
subject: PV solar cell
  topic: keywords
creator: Khadija Ali Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-09
publication date: 2025-12-09
starting page: 22
ending page: 30
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.16

Design and Simulation of Low Pass and Band Stop Microwave Filters
type: item
description: The design & simulation of microwave filters such as fifth order Low Pass Filter (LPF) and Band-Stop Filter (BSF) with maximally flat (Butterworth) response is presented in this paper. The two filters were initially designed using lumped-element (LC) method. Additionally, they tested this LPF as a stepped impedance microstrip line for real-life applications as distributed element. All designs and simulations took place on Advanced Design System (ADS) software. According to simulation results, the lumped-element LPF has a cutoff frequency of 2 GHz and offers high passband rejection of 54 dB at stopband frequency of 7 GHz. The stepped impedance microstrip LPF has the same cutoff of 2 GHz and a similar filter response. Thus, there is a fair comparison between the two implementation techniques. The simulated response of the lumped-element BSF also confirms a well-defined stopband behavior from 3 GHz to 7 GHz, thereby satisfying the desired design specifications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Microwave fitters
  topic: keywords
subject: Low pass filter
  topic: keywords
subject: Band stop filter
  topic: keywords
subject: Microstrip line
  topic: keywords
creator: Talal Altaher Ahmed Mohammed
creator: Ahmed lmhmed Salim Elstia
creator: Abdulghader Basher Morad Jalgum
creator: Ibrahem Mohamed Ibrahem Abdaldaem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 12
ending page: 21
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.15

Integrating Agile and DevOps Practices into IT Service Management Education: A Simulated Performance and Maturity Analysis
type: item
description: The growing complexity of IT services necessitates that graduates possess not only theoretical knowledge of IT Service Management (ITSM) frameworks like ITIL but also practical, agile, and collaborative skills. Traditional ITSM education often emphasizes process silos, which can be misaligned with modern, iterative software development methodologies. This study investigates the integration of Agile and DevOps practices into a higher education ITSM curriculum. We developed a simulated service desk and changed the management environment in MATLAB to model and compare a traditional, process-heavy approach against an integrated Agile-DevOps approach. Key performance indicators (KPIs), including incident resolution time, change success rate, and team collaboration efficiency, were tracked. Furthermore, a Capability Maturity Model (CMM) analysis was conducted to assess the process maturity of student teams. Results from the simulation indicate that the integrated approach leads to a statistically significant improvement in all measured KPIs and accelerates the maturity growth of teams by approximately 40%. The MATLAB code provided serves as a foundational model for educational institutions to quantitatively evaluate and enhance their ITSM training programs
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ITSM
  topic: keywords
subject: ITIL
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Agile
  topic: keywords
subject: DevOps
  topic: keywords
subject: MATLAB
  topic: keywords
subject: Simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Process Maturity
  topic: keywords
subject: Service Desk
  topic: keywords
creator: Izdhar Elmasry Abdusalam Emusatar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-26
publication date: 2025-11-26
starting page: 01
ending page: 11
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i2.14

Synergizing Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles: An Experimental Analysis of Grid Integration, Charging Optimization, and Environmental Impact
type: item
description: This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of integrating renewable energy with electric vehicles (EVs) to optimize charging and reduce environmental impact. We review recent trends in EV adoption and renewable generation, highlighting growth in EV sales and renewable capacity. We then explore strategies for grid integration, including smart charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) solutions, and analyze their benefits for grid stability and emissions reductions. Modeling and case studies demonstrate how adaptive charging aligned with renewable supply can shave peaks and cut carbon emissions. For example, an India microgrid study found solar- and wind-powered EV charging could save 128.4 metric tons of CO₂ per year. We discuss optimization experiments, using publicly available data and simulation results, that show enhanced EV charging demand with higher renewable penetration. The paper concludes that intelligent coordination of EV charging with renewable power is crucial for decarbonizing transport and ensuring grid reliability. These insights support policy and technology paths toward sustainable mobility and energy systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: electric vehicles
  topic: keywords
subject: renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: grid integration
  topic: keywords
subject: smart charging
  topic: keywords
subject: vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
  topic: keywords
subject: carbon emissions
  topic: keywords
subject: demand response
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental impact
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdussalam Ali Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-29
publication date: 2025-07-29
starting page: 35
ending page: 43
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i1.10

Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reaction Patterns: A Data-Driven Study on Drug Safety in Clinical Practice
type: item
description: Pharmacovigilance is the systematic process of monitoring and analyzing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to ensure patient safety after medications reach the market. This paper reviews contemporary data-driven approaches to pharmacovigilance, focusing on how large healthcare databases and novel analytics can reveal ADR patterns. We describe traditional data sources such as spontaneous reporting systems (e.g. the WHO’s VigiBase and FDA’s FAERS) and electronic health records (EHRs), as well as emerging real-world data (RWD) sources like social media and patient registries. Key methods including disproportionality statistics and machine learning are discussed, with examples of recent studies using open ADR datasets. We highlight experiments using publicly available data, such as mining FAERS reports with disproportionality analysis and developing ADR reference sets for validation. For instance, one systematic review notes that in the U.S., ADRs accounted for ~6% of hospital admissions in 2011 and cost billions. We also examine regional patterns (e.g. differences in ADR reporting between Japan and global data) and discuss challenges like underreporting and data quality. Figures and tables illustrate the pharmacovigilance process and ADR data characteristics. By leveraging modern data science, stakeholders can detect safety signals earlier and tailor drug-safety practices to populations worldwide.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pharmacovigilance
  topic: keywords
subject: adverse drug reaction
  topic: keywords
subject: data-driven analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: real-world data
  topic: keywords
subject: drug safety
  topic: keywords
subject: signal detection.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nabil Saad Miftah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-17
publication date: 2025-07-17
starting page: 27
ending page: 34
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i1.9

Antibiotic Resistance Trends in Hospital Settings: A 5-Year Cross-Sectional Analysis from Clinical Isolates
type: item
description: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in hospital infections is a mounting global crisis, driven by extensive antibiotic use and pathogen adaptation. We report a 5-year cross-sectional study (2019-2023) analyzing clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital laboratory. Specimens (blood, sputum, urine, etc.) yielded ~7,000 isolates per year. Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii) comprised ~60% of isolates, with MRSA and Enterococcus spp. prevalent among Gram-positives. Over five years, multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) rose steadily: CRE detection rates jumped from ~7% to 14%. Notably, K. pneumoniae showed significant carbapenem and cephalosporin resistance, while MRSA rates plateaued or fell. Resistance to last-resort antibiotics (e.g., carbapenems) became common, especially in ICU isolates. Our findings mirror global data: AMR infections cause ~1.27 million deaths/year and rose during COVID-19. These trends highlight urgent needs for antibiotic stewardship, infection control, and novel therapies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antimicrobial resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Hospital-acquired infection
  topic: keywords
subject: MRSA
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella
  topic: keywords
subject: Multidrug-resistant organisms
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibiotic stewardship
  topic: keywords
creator: Aejeeliyah Yousuf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-17
publication date: 2025-07-17
starting page: 20
ending page: 26
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i1.8

Adverse Drug Reactions in Polypharmacy: A Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study Using EHR Data
type: item
description: Polypharmacy, commonly defined as the concurrent use of five or more drugs, is frequent in older and multimorbid patients and raises the risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using electronic health record (EHR) data from 2019-2023 to assess the incidence and risk factors of ADRs in a general medical population. We identified patients with polypharmacy (≥5 medications) and monitored ADRs through coded events and natural language processing of clinical notes. Logistic regression estimated the association of polypharmacy, drug classes, and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with ADRs. In our sample of N patients (median age 68, 54% female), polypharmacy was present in about 58%. The overall ADR incidence was 14%, but was significantly higher in polypharmacy patients (19% vs 8%, p<0.001). Cardiovascular and antibiotic drug classes were most often implicated in ADRs. Notably, 18% of ADRs with multiple suspected drugs were due to confirmed DDIs, often involving anticoagulants and antiplatelets. After adjustment, polypharmacy (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.8-3.2) and the number of medications (per drug OR 1.12, CI 1.08-1.17) were independent ADR risk factors. These results mirror prior findings in aging cohorts. Our study demonstrates that real-world EHR data can quantify ADR burden in polypharmacy and highlights the need for clinical monitoring and deprescribing strategies to prevent harm.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Polypharmacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Adverse Drug Reactions
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic Health Records
  topic: keywords
subject: Pharmacovigilance
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug-Drug Interactions
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamza Khalifa Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-06
publication date: 2025-07-06
starting page: 10
ending page: 19
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i1.6

Accelerating the Green Transition: An Experimental Study on the Integration of Renewable Energy with Electric Vehicle Infrastructure
type: item
description: The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) presents both opportunities and challenges for decarbonizing transport. Integrating clean renewables into EV charging infrastructure can greatly enhance environmental benefits. This study reviews experiments and case studies of renewable energy (especially hydropower) powering EV charging networks globally. We examine real-world examples: from a Polish hydropower-EV analysis and a Korean PV/storage charging station study, to U.S. and European pilot projects using hydropower directly for EV charging. Global data show EV adoption surging (≈40 million EVs by 2023), requiring massive charging expansion (US needs ~182,000 DC fast and 1,070,000 L2 ports by 2030). We compare energy mixes: hydropower still supplies ~47% of global renewable generation, but in coal-heavy grids (e.g. Poland) EV charging may raise grid emissions. Analyses using HOMER and grid models confirm that adding renewables (PV, wind, hydro) to EV stations cuts CO₂ but raises costs. Coordinated EV charging control and hydropower dispatch can absorb solar/wind variability and reduce curtailment. Policy and practice must align EV rollout with new green generation. This paper concludes that coupling EV infrastructure with renewable supply (especially dispatchable hydro) is technically feasible and vital for deep decarbonization.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electric vehicles
  topic: keywords
subject: renewable integration
  topic: keywords
subject: hydropower
  topic: keywords
subject: EV charging infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: grid stability
  topic: keywords
subject: real-world case studies
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdussalam Ali Ahmed
creator: HudaElslam Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-06
publication date: 2025-07-06
starting page: 01
ending page: 09
doi: 10.65421/jibas.v1i1.4