Journal of Insights in Basic and Applied Sciences
The Journal of Insights in Basic and Applied Sciences (JIBAS) (ISSN: 3106-1737) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by Alqala Aljadida University in Libya. Located at https://jibas.com.ly/index.php/jibas/en , JIBAS is dedicated to advancing scientific knowledge by publishing high-quality research across various fields of basic and applied sciences. The journal publishes four issues per year. Vision To be a leading platform for scientific discourse and innovation, contributing to the global advancement of knowledge in basic and applied sciences. Mission To provide a high-quality, open-access platform for researchers to publish their original and impactful work, ensuring a rigorous and fair peer-review process. Aims Knowledge Dissemination: To publish cutting-edge research and make it freely accessible to the global scientific community. Scientific Integrity: To uphold the highest standards of academic integrity and promote ethical research practices. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: To foster collaboration among researchers from diverse scientific disciplines. For further inquiries, please get in touch with the editor at jibas.publishing@gmail.com or via WhatsApp at +218927648287.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Supporting Digital Transformation and Evaluating Academic Performance in Libyan Universities: An Analytical Study
An abstract is a summary of entire paper should be written in Times New Roman with font size- 10. Author can select Normal style from styles of this template. The abstract should not be more than 250 words and written in single paragraph. This electronic document is a “live” template. The abstract includes the overall purpose of the study you investigated, the basic design of the study, results of your analysis and brief summary of your interpretations and conclusion. An abstract is a summary of entire paper should be written in Times New Roman with font size- 10. Author can select Normal style from styles of this template. The abstract should not be more than 250 words and written in single paragraph. This electronic document is a “live” template. The abstract includes the overall purpose of the study you investigated, the basic design of the study, results of your analysis and brief summary of your interpretations and conclusion.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contemporary Plastic Arts Between Artistic Thought and Aesthetic Transformations
This research examines contemporary visual arts as a visual discourse that Reflects transformations in aesthetic, cultural, and philosophical thought under modern social and technological changes. It aims to clarify the fundamental differences between modern art and contemporary art, highlighting the characteristics of the contemporary phase, such as the diversity of media, the liberation of form, and the dominance of concept over the formal structure of the artwork the study also discusses the philosophical and aesthetic roots of contemporary art and the role modernism and postmodernism in shaping the relation ship between form and content furthermore it addresses the transformation of the artwork from a purely aesthetic visual product into an open intellectual and symbolic structure subject to interpretation. The research emphasizes the importance of visual discourse and symbolism is contemporary artistic expression, as well as the role of the viewer in completing the aesthetic meaning , making the art work an interactive space that reflects the concerns and existential and cultural issues of contemporary humanity
An Integrated YOLO–OCR Architecture for Real-Time Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) in Intelligent Access Management
This project presents a real-time Automated Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) system developed to support intelligent vehicle access management in controlled and security-sensitive environments. The proposed solution combines image processing with instant decision-making to enable a secure, contactless, and autonomous gate control mechanism. It responds to the increasing demand for efficient access systems, particularly in high-security locations such as institutional facilities and residential compounds. The framework is designed to be scalable and practical for deployment in real-world scenarios through a tight integration of hardware and software components. The detection module relies on YOLOv11, which was fine-tuned to accurately localize license plates under varying conditions. For character recognition, EasyOCR was adopted to reliably read both Arabic and English plate formats. A PostgreSQL database serves as the backend layer, enabling structured storage of plate records and efficient log management. Development was carried out using Visual Studio Code for Python scripting, debugging, and project organization. The overall architecture integrates ESP32-CAM units for image acquisition, Python-based real-time processing, and a user-friendly dashboard for monitoring captured plates and reviewing logs. To validate performance, the system was evaluated across diverse operational settings, including low-light environments and high-glare scenes, to ensure robustness and stability. The results demonstrated fast response times and low latency in both detection and recognition tasks, alongside smooth communication between the user interface and the database layer. Overall, the final implementation delivers a secure, efficient, and cost-effective access control solution that can be adapted for a wide range of public and private surveillance and entry-management applications.
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)
Strategic Integration Between Lean and Agile Manufacturing Methodologies and Resilient Supply Chains in The Context of Modern Supply Chains
The study aimed to extends the lean manufacturing technology, Agile manufacturing to modern supply chains for application in enterprises as a methodology appropriate to competitive conditions resulting from the nature of demand, product intent, level of disruption and volatility in supply, and develop a comprehensive strategic vision that helps organizations move from reactive to disruptive to proactive and adaptive and through a deeper understanding of available philosophical tools and use them in building a sustainable and competitive supply chain.
On Some Fixed Point Results in Complete 2-Metric Spaces
The present paper proves a number of related results concerning fixed points in the area of complete 2-metric spaces. These results represent versions of several fixed-point theorems in complete metric spaces that were established in the literature at a later stage. By extending classical results from metric spaces to the more general framework of 2-metric spaces, we aim to provide deeper insight into the structure and behavior of mappings defined on such spaces. In particular, we investigate conditions under which the existence and uniqueness of fixed points can be guaranteed. The obtained results not only generalize well-known theorems but also contribute to the ongoing development of fixed-point theory in generalized metric settings.
The Extent To Which Blockchain Technology Can Be Applied To The Supply Chains Of The Medical Supply Authority, Eastern Region Branch, In Benghazi
The study aimed to identify the extent to which blockchain technology can be applied to supply chains of Medical Supply Authority in the Eastern Region, Benghazi branch, the study followed the descriptive approach, and the study population consisted of employees of the medical supply Authority in Eastern Region, Benghazi branch, numbering (60) employees. A random sample was selected according to the table of Krejcie and Morgan (1970), which determined the sample size to be (52) individuals, the study data was collected using questionnaire form, and the number of forms valid for analysis was (47) questionnaire, the results of study showed that there is a high level of awareness and understanding of blockchain technology among the employees of The Medical Supply Authority, and that the availability of capabilities to apply blockchain technology was at moderate level, The result of study also showed that the most significant obstacle are organizational followed by legal, and then legislative obstacles that hinder the application of blockchain technology, the study recommended several recommendations the most important of which is enhancing employees awareness of the important of applying blockchain technology.
Genereliaed Upper and Lower Approixmations for Anti-Topology and their Structral Properties
This paper aims to study roughness in Ant-topology. In addition, we performed a comparison with approximations in classical topology. We found that the boundaries become wider as ambiguity increases, reflecting a more accurate model of uncertainty and approximation in complex. Moreover, we explain how effect of rough approximation on the result of ant-topology by creating more space for ambiguity and approximation, allowing for better modeling accuracy of phenomena characterized by high uncertainty, despite increased mathematical complexity.
Evaluation of the Level of Educational Service Quality in Intermediate Technical and Vocational Education Institutes from the Trainers’ Perspective: A Case Study of Intermediate Technical and Vocational Education Institutes – Tripoli
This study aimed to evaluate the level of educational service quality in intermediate technical and vocational education institutes from the perspective of trainers, taking the intermediate technical and vocational education institutes in Tripoli as a case study. To achieve the objectives of the study, a set of methodological steps and procedures were undertaken. The study adopted the descriptive approach, and a questionnaire was used as the primary tool for data collection. The study population consisted of 474 trainers distributed across three institutes in the Municipality of Tripoli. A stratified random sample of 212 respondents was selected, of which 180 valid questionnaires were obtained for analysis. Descriptive and analytical statistical methods were employed, including percentages, frequencies, means, standard deviations, and hypothesis testing. The primary data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study reached several key findings, most notably: the limited availability of laboratories and workshops equipped with modern devices in the institutes under study; the diversity of student activities does not adequately suit all students; shortcomings in the institutes’ administration in delivering services accurately and on time; the institutes do not regularly measure student satisfaction with the services provided; and there is no continuous communication between top management and students to better understand their needs.
Analytical and Numerical Study of the Zeros of the Error Function, Local Conformality and Sectorial Asymptotic Behavior
The complex error function erf(z) plays a critical role in applied mathematics, physics and engineering; however, several of its deeper analytical properties in the complex domain remain insufficiently explored. This paper presents a comprehensive analytical and numerical study of erf(z), focusing on its zero distribution, conformal mapping behavior and sectorial asymptotic structure. By employing classical tools from complex analysis, including Rouché's Theorem, the Argument Principle and contour integration, we investigate the structure of potential zero-free regions and provide numerical evidence for the absence of zeros in certain bounded sectors. Specifically, numerical exploration suggests that no zeros occur in selected bounded angular sectors within a computational precision of 10^(-8), consistent with the analytical structure derived in this study. The conformal character of erf(z), as an entire and non-constant function, is examined through Jacobian analysis and domain-coloring visualizations, revealing its angle-preserving yet scale-distorting transformations of canonical domains. Furthermore, we analyze sectorial asymptotic expansions as |z|→∞ and demonstrate that Padé approximants reduce the relative numerical error by up to 30% compared with classical truncated series, particularly in boundary sectors where convergence deteriorates. These results provide a more robust understanding of the analytic and geometric behavior of erf(z), with practical implications for complex modeling in statistical physics, quantum theory and signal processing.
Order And multiplication Reversing In Lattice Ordered Groups
Hybridizing Particle Swarm Optimization with the Filled Function Method for Enhanced Global Optimization Performance
This research proposes a novel hybrid optimization algorithm that integrates Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with the Filled Function Method (FFM) to address the persistent challenges of premature convergence and local optima entrapment in high-dimensional, multimodal optimization problems. The hybrid PSO–FFM algorithm incorporates a one parameter filled function that dynamically modifies the search landscape when stagnation is detected, enabling systematic escape from deceptive basins while maintaining PSO’s exploration-exploitation balance. Experimental evaluation across eight benchmark functions (Sphere, Rosenbrock, Rastrigin, Griewank, Ackley, Schwefel, Zakharov, and Alpine1) demonstrates significant performance improvements, with the hybrid algorithm achieving up to 100% enhancement over standard PSO in several cases. The proposed method offers a robust framework for complex optimization tasks, particularly in engineering and computational applications where traditional metaheuristics struggle with complex search landscapes.
Application of Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm to Optimal Economic Load Dispatch: A Case Study of the Western Libyan Power System
Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is a fundamental optimization problem in power system operation that aims to minimize the total fuel cost of electricity generation while satisfying system constraints such as power balance and generator operating limits. Due to the nonlinear and nonconvex nature of practical power systems, classical optimization techniques often fail to provide optimal and reliable solutions. In this paper, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to solve the optimal economic load dispatch problem of the Western Libyan Power System. The proposed approach models generator fuel cost functions as quadratic equations and incorporates essential operational constraints. Several simulation scenarios with different load levels are investigated to evaluate the performance of the PSO algorithm. The results demonstrate that PSO effectively achieves minimum fuel cost while maintaining system constraints, showing fast convergence and robust performance. The study confirms that PSO is a suitable and efficient metaheuristic technique for solving complex economic load dispatch problems in real power systems, particularly under realistic operating conditions of the Libyan power grid
A Comprehensive Review of Energy Storage Batteries for Solar Energy Systems
Solar energy intermittency necessitates efficient energy storage for grid stability and reliable power supply. This review comprehensively examines battery technologies for solar photovoltaic applications, including lead-acid, lithium-ion (LFP, NMC, LTO), flow batteries (vanadium redox, zinc-bromine), and emerging systems such as sodium-ion, solid-state, and saltwater batteries. We evaluate performance characteristics—energy density, cycle life, round-trip efficiency, depth of discharge alongside cost-effectiveness, thermal management requirements, environmental impact, and application suitability across off-grid, residential, and utility-scale installations. Lithium-ion batteries currently offer optimal balance of efficiency (90–95%) and lifespan (2000–6000 cycles), while flow batteries provide exceptional scalability for long-duration storage. Lead-acid remains cost-effective for low-budget systems despite limited cycle life. Critical challenges include degradation mechanisms, thermal runaway risks, recycling infrastructure, and upfront capital costs. Emerging trends second-life EV batteries, AI-optimized management, hybrid supercapacitor integration, and sustainable material innovation are shaping future deployment. This synthesis guides researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders toward techno-economically viable and environmentally sustainable solar energy storage solutions.
Impact of Hydroponic Versus Soil Cultivation on Germination, Chlorophyll Content, and productivity of Arugula plant (Eruca sativa Mill)
Plants face many stresses from soil, such as water shortage, water quality and nutrient availability, which ultimately affect the growth and productivity of the plant. This study aims to verify the effectiveness of using hydroponics compared to soil cultivation, where the seeds of (Eruca sativa Mill.) were planted in both cultivation systems, using a model of hydroponics and a model of soil. The experiment was designed according to a completely randomized design (CRD), with (24) replicates for each model treatment. The germination rate, chlorophyll content, and productivity of (Eruca sativa Mill.) grown in all models were measured. The results showed that there were very significant differences (P<0.001) between the treatments. The germination rate and chlorophyll content for hydroponics and soil cultivation were (78.7%, 48SPAD) and (26%, 30SPAD), respectively. The results of this study also showed that the average of productivity for (Eruca sativa Mill.) grown in the hydroponic system was four times higher than it was for (Eruca sativa Mill.) grown in a soil system. These results are considered motivate to research and delve into this field.
From Challenge to Transformation: AI Integration in Libyan Higher Education - An Analytical Review of Challenges and Proposed Integration Strategies
This paper examines the key role of AI and its transformative applications in the Libyan higher education environment. Despite the numerous challenges facing the Libyan educational system, AI offers innovative solutions to improve the quality of education, enhance institutional performance, and deliver personalised learning experiences. This paper reviews various applications of AI in education with particular emphasis on adaptive learning systems, intelligent tutoring platforms, the automation of administrative processes, and educational data analysis. Based on this review, this paper proposes a practical multi-stage framework for integrating AI into Libyan higher education. This comprehensive plan includes capacity development, infrastructure enhancement, pilot project implementation, and scaling of successful initiatives. Additionally, this paper examines potential barriers to integration, such as limited financial resources, community resistance to change, privacy concerns, inadequate technological infrastructure, insufficient skilled personnel, and no existing legal and regulatory structure. To address these challenges, this paper presents strategic recommendations, including fostering public-private partnerships and investing in R&D. This paper makes the case that adopting AI in Libyan higher education is a strategic imperative, not merely a technical option, essential for securing a prosperous and sustainable educational future.
Analytical Study of Some of The Active Compounds in The Clove Plant
This study aims to extract clove oil (eugenol) from different samples obtained from the local market in the city of Misrata and to determine their phenolic and flavonoid contents, in addition to verifying the oil composition using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Three clove samples (dried buds, ground buds, and freshly ground buds) were collected and the oil was extracted by hydro distillation, then separated by adding sodium bromide and ethyl acetate, and drying the organic layer with sodium sulfate. Phenolic compounds were determined using the Folin reagent, while flavonoids were determined using aluminum chloride. Absorbance was measured using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 765 nm for phenolics and 433 nm for flavonoids. The results showed that the samples contained varying levels of phenolics and flavonoids. Sample (A) recorded the highest phenolic content before extraction, whereas the highest post-extraction phenolic content (in the organic layer) was observed in sample (B). Sample (C) showed the highest flavonoid content after extraction. Infrared spectra confirmed that the composition of the isolated oil matched that of standard eugenol, indicating its purity. The percentage of volatile oil extracted from clove ranged between 9.53% and 13.2%, which is close to reference values reported in previous studies, confirming the efficiency of the extraction method and the quality of the studied samples.
Low-Complexity Image Compression Using Semantic-Aware Block Truncation Coding
Block Truncation Coding (BTC) is a simple and computationally efficient image compression technique, but its fixed quantization strategy often leads to suboptimal perceptual quality, particularly in textured and edge-dominant regions. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a Semantic-Aware Block Truncation Coding (SA-BTC) scheme that integrates local variance as a semantic feature to adaptively control quantization at the block level. By adjusting compression strength according to texture characteristics, the proposed method preserves structural and semantically important details in high-variance regions while applying stronger compression to smooth areas. Experimental evaluations conducted on standard benchmark images demonstrate that SA-BTC achieves improved perceptual reconstruction quality compared to conventional BTC. Although the proposed method exhibits lower peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM) values than classical BTC, this behavior is expected due to its semantic-aware design, which prioritizes visually significant regions such as edges and facial features over background fidelity. Visual inspection confirms that SA-BTC better preserves edge continuity, contrast, and meaningful structures, including tripod edges, clothing details, and facial components, despite mild block artifacts in homogeneous regions. These results indicate that conventional pixel-based metrics may underestimate the perceptual and semantic quality achieved by SA-BTC. Overall, the proposed approach enhances rate distortion performance from a perceptual perspective without increasing computational complexity, making it well suited for low resource image compression applications where semantic and visual fidelity are more critical than strict pixel-wise accuracy.
Design, Implementation, and Techno-Economic-Environmental Assessment of a Hybrid Solar Energy System: A Case Study of an Educational Institution in Al-Qubbah, Libya
The transition toward renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy, represents a strategic approach to addressing the environmental and economic challenges associated with dependence on conventional energy sources, achieving sustainable development requirements, and reducing carbon emissions. This study aims to design, implement, and evaluate the technical, economic, and environmental performance of a hybrid solar energy system to supply part of the electrical loads of the Electrical Engineering Department at the College of Engineering Technology in Al-Qubbah, Libya. The study adopted an integrated scientific methodology that included electrical load analysis, hybrid solar system design, and component selection based on operational efficiency and reliability criteria. This was followed by system implementation and operational testing under both no-load and actual operating conditions, in addition to a comprehensive technical and economic performance assessment. Prior to system implementation, the total electrical load of the department was 4500 W, of which 1600 W were supplied by the proposed solar system. Given that the department operates for five hours per day, the daily energy consumption of the supplied loads was estimated at approximately 8000 Wh/day. By applying a safety factor of 20%, the design energy demand was increased to 9600 Wh/day. The system consists of six photovoltaic panels with a total rated capacity of 2760 W, a 4200 W hybrid inverter operating at 24 V equipped with an integrated 120 A charge controller, four gel batteries with a total capacity of 500 Ah configured to provide a 24 V system voltage, and a comprehensive electrical protection system. The results indicate that the system was able to supply approximately 35.5% of the department’s total electrical load, demonstrating satisfactory operational efficiency and stable performance. Despite the relatively limited annual economic return of about 400 Libyan dinars, attributable to government subsidies on electricity tariffs, the findings confirm the technical and environmental feasibility of the system through reduced conventional energy consumption and lower carbon emissions.
The Positive and Negative Effects of the Wife on Internal Combustion Engine Oils (Gasoline – Diesel) in Libya
This research aims to study and analyze the technical characteristics and practical performance of internal combustion engine oils (gasoline and diesel) and the effects of their viscosity in the Libyan context. The research focuses on analyzing the relationship between viscosity and temperature under Libya's diverse climatic conditions, while evaluating the properties of different oils and providing practical recommendations for selecting the appropriate oil. The study begins by explaining the fundamental properties of oils, specifically viscosity and its indicators (kinematic and dynamic), pour point, flash point, and total base number (TBN). It also covers the manufacturing process, starting from the vacuum distillation of crude oil, through the stages of solvent extraction and removal of asphalt and wax, and concluding with the addition of enhancing agents, detergents, dispersants, and other chemical additives that improve oil performance. The research presents a comparative analysis of major global oil classifications, such as SAE, API, and ACEA, and links them to local needs in Libya, recommending multi-grade oils (e.g., SAE 10W-40) for their ability to adapt to thermal fluctuations between winter and summer. The research also discusses the main types of oils available in the market: mineral, synthetic, semi-synthetic, and high-mileage oils, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each. In the practical aspect, the research provides recommendations for oil change intervals (every 3,000–6,000 km depending on the season and conditions), while emphasizing the importance of periodic maintenance and using suitable oils for both old and modern engines. The research concludes by stressing the need to raise awareness among Libyan consumers about oil selection criteria, enhance market quality control, and conduct further field studies to evaluate the actual performance of oils under Libya's specific conditions.
Osama Hamad Abd Alsalam Alasamar Alhadheeri
Utilizing the Central Courtyard of Traditional Architecture to Reinforce It in Modern Architecture
Since the nineteenth century, there has been a noticeable interest in traditional architectural design. During this period, particular attention was drawn to the central courtyard, and numerous studies were conducted on traditional architecture, encompassing both historical and contemporary approaches up to the late 1960s. This study aims to benefit from the central courtyard in traditional architecture and to reinforce its integration into modern architectural design. Most previous studies on traditional architecture were limited in scope, and the findings revealed a weakening of the role of the internal courtyard in some contemporary local architectural models. This was primarily due to the absence of appropriate characteristics and criteria aligned with the concepts of interior space design within contemporary architectural trends. In subsequent years, studies related to traditional architecture were reconsidered from a new perspective. However, architectural researchers tended to overlook the traditional courtyard due to the advancement of modern architecture and the emergence of shortcomings and uncertainties regarding this architectural type. This study explores the role of the central courtyard in traditional architecture and highlights the advantages of this architectural element in accordance with sustainable architecture principles. Furthermore, it investigates the potential application of the courtyard concept to meet the needs of contemporary modern architecture. These studies do not aim to preserve or replicate historical forms, but rather to utilize their patterns and experiences to create new forms that adhere to the core concepts of traditional architecture within modern architectural practice.
Comparative Study of Pre-tensioning and Post-tensioning Techniques in Prestressed Concrete: A Case Study of a Bridge Project in Tripoli
Prestressed concrete technology is an advanced structural solution designed to enhance the mechanical performance of concrete elements and mitigate cracking and deflection caused by service loads. This technique relies on inducing internal compressive stresses to counteract tensile stresses during service, thereby improving durability, stiffness, and structural longevity. This study explores the fundamental principles of prestressed concrete, highlighting the distinctions between pre-tensioning and post-tensioning regarding execution and application. It features a case study of a concrete bridge in Tripoli implemented via post-tensioning. The analysis is based on technical data from the executing company, including geometric dimensions, concrete properties, and prestressing tendon specifications. Results indicate that post-tensioning significantly improved the bridge's structural behavior by reducing tensile stresses and cracking while increasing load-bearing capacity. The study achieved both structural and economic efficiency suitable for the project’s requirements. In conclusion, post-tensioning proves to be a reliable and effective choice for concrete bridge design, especially for long-span projects under variable environmental and operational conditions.
Attitudes of Physical Education College Students Towards Using Active Learning Strategies and Their Relationship with Ambition Level
The educational process is undergoing a fundamental shift towards more effective learning models based on actively engaging learners, with active learning strategies at the forefront of these models. This study aimed to uncover the relationship between the attitudes of physical education college students towards active learning strategies and their ambition levels. The researcher used the correlational descriptive method, applying the study to a sample of (55) students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Al-Aziziya City, using a three-axis questionnaire. Results revealed high positive attitudes towards active learning strategies with a mean of (2.66), and a high ambition level with a mean of (2.78). The results also showed a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between the two variables, with a correlation coefficient of (0.782). The results showed no statistically significant differences attributable to the academic level variable. The study concluded that active learning strategies play a pivotal role in enhancing students' academic and professional ambition, and recommended generalizing the use of these strategies in study courses and training faculty members on their effective application.
A Finite Element Study of Elastic-Plastic Analysis and Autofrettage Optimization for Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels with Cracks
This study conducts a detailed finite element analysis of thick-walled pressure vessels under internal pressure, focusing on how yield criteria selection, autofrettage optimization, and external axial cracks affect structural integrity. Using a numerical model developed in ABAQUS with aluminum alloy 6061-T6, results were closely aligned (within 2%) with classical Lamé solutions. The analysis focused on yield theories, especially those due to Von Mises and Tresca, and indicated a large variation of 15.4% in elastic limit prediction with direct implications for design compliance and resource utilization. In autofrettage analysis, kinematic hardening was employed with a high degree of Bauschinger effect accuracy, resulting in a difference of 12.4% compared with isotropic hardening. Based on mesh convergence analysis, it was found that dividing the wall into 15 segments is most efficient with a 1.7% difference at the interface between the inner and outer walls. Notably, external axial cracks notably reduced capacity; a 10 mm crack led to a 26.1% drop in yield-based limit pressure. The fracture mechanics analysis shows a requirement for a minimum safe working pressure of 34 MPa, reflecting a 70.7% reduction needed to prevent catastrophic crack propagation. The autofrettage operation at 120 MPa improved the elasticity limit by 27% and created a positive compressive residual stress of 85 MPa in the inner bore. The significance of a different approach to the design of a cracked vs. an uncracked vessel is highlighted with heavy emphasis.
Predictive Maintenance for MTU Marine Diesel Engine Using Lubrication Analysis
الصيانة التنبئوية لها أهمية كبيرة لاكتشاف الأعطال في الآلات الميكانيكية والتي من شانها أن تساعد على اكتشاف الأعطال قبل حدوتها، وهناك عدة طرق لهذه الصيانة مثل مراقبة الاهتزازات، لهذا النوع من الصيانة يساهم في استمرار العملية الإنتاجية بدون نوقف مفاجئ. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تطوير نموذج صيانة تنبؤية لمراقبة منظومة تزييت محرك ديزل بحري من نوع MTU باستخدام منصة Arduino UNO كنموذج محاكاة عملي. وقد تم التركيز على دراسة السلوك الفيزيائي لزيت التزييت من خلال تحليل العلاقات بين درجة الحرارة، اللزوجة، معدل التدفق، والضغط، باعتبارها المتغيرات الأكثر تأثيرًا على كفاءة التزييت وسلامة المحرك. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن العلاقة بين درجة الحرارة واللزوجة تمثل العامل الحاكم الأساسي في أداء منظومة التزييت، حيث يؤدي ارتفاع درجة الحرارة إلى انخفاض اللزوجة وزيادة معدل التدفق، مما قد يؤثر سلبًا على قدرة الزيت على تكوين طبقة تزييت كافية عند تجاوز الحدود التصميمية. كما بينت النتائج أن العلاقة بين الضغط ومعدل التدفق تُعد مؤشرًا فعالًا للكشف المبكر عن الأعطال مثل انسداد المرشحات، ضعف المضخة، أو التسرب الداخلي. ومكّن دمج هذه العلاقات ضمن نظام إنذار متعدد المستويات من بناء نموذج صيانة تنبؤية قادر على إصدار إنذارات مبكرة وتحذيرات متدرجة وصولًا إلى الإيقاف الحرج (Shutdown)، بما يساهم في تقليل الأعطال المفاجئة وتحسين موثوقية التشغيل، وتؤكد الدراسة أن استخدام متحكمات منخفضة التكلفة مثل Arduino، عند دمجها مع نماذج فيزيائية قائمة على علاقات فيزيائية صحيحة، يمكن أن يشكل أداة فعالة في تطبيقات الصيانة التنبؤية للمحركات البحرية.
A Comparative Statistical Analysis of Simple and Double Exponential Smoothing Models: An Application to Libya's Population Data (1960- 2024)
This study aims to apply the Exponential Smoothing method to forecast the population of Libya during the period 1960–2024, with a comparison between the Simple and Double Exponential Smoothing models to identify the most accurate and suitable model for predicting population time series. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, where population data were collected and analyzed to identify the general trends of the time series, and then both models were implemented using Minitab software. The results indicate that Libya’s population has followed an overall increasing trend in recent years. The comparison between the models shows a clear difference in forecasting accuracy, with the Double Exponential Smoothing model achieving the lowest values for all accuracy measures (MSD, MAD, MAPE), making it the most suitable for future population forecasts. Predictions using the double model indicate a continuous increase in population during the period 2025–2034, reflecting the ongoing upward trend. The study recommends using the Double Exponential Smoothing model as the primary forecasting tool for population, with regular updates as new data become available, and utilizing the results for planning in education, health, and housing to meet future population needs.
Evaluation of Peppermint and Clove oils on Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters of Broiler Chickens
The impact of peppermint and clove oils on the growth performance and hematological parameters of broiler chickens was investigated during the 2025 season on a private farm in Bani Walid, Libya. We bought 41-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) from a nearby hatchery. Based on a fully randomized design, the birds were weighed upon arrival and then randomly assigned to one of nine treatments, each consisting of three replicates of 12 birds. Peppermint (PO) (200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg) and clove oils (CO) (150, 300, 450, and 600 mg/kg) were the dietary treatments; the control treatment was a baseline diet. The average active ingredient concentration of clove and peppermint oils was taken into consideration when selecting the dosages of dietary supplements as treatments. The results obtained indicated that increasing the amount of clove oil up to 600 mg/kg resulted in a higher value of weight gain, whereas increasing the amount of peppermint oil up to 600 mg/kg resulted in a higher value of weight gain. Additionally, the control treatment recorded higher values of feed intake and feed: grain ratio, respectively. Furthermore, increasing the amount of clove oil up to 600 mg/kg resulted in greater values of RBC, WBC, Hb, HCT, PCV, MCV, and MCH than the control treatment, which had lower values of these parameters. In contrast to the control treatment, which recorded greater values of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and LDL, increasing the amount of peppermint up to 800 mg/kg resulted in higher values of total protein and HDL. When taken as a whole, these results show that peppermint and clove oils can be useful natural substitutes for growth stimulants, supporting not only enhanced performance but also improved intestinal health and immunological status in broiler production systems.
Broiler chickens, peppermint oil, clove oil, Growth performance, Hematological and biochemical parameters
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Informational Utilization of WhatsApp in Supporting the Educational Process: A Descriptive Study from the Perspective of Omar Al-Mukhtar University Students
The study aimed to identify the extent of the informational benefit from the WhatsApp application in supporting the educational process from the perspective of Omar Al-Mukhtar University students. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and utilized a questionnaire consisting of (23) items, applied to a sample of (135) male and female students distributed across three departments: Library Science (32), Planning and Administration (70), and Media (33). This was done by monitoring the patterns of academic use of the application and identifying the most prominent obstacles limiting its effectiveness. The results showed that the vast majority of the sample students own smartphones (93.9%). Participation in WhatsApp groups reached (90.2%), reflecting the students' readiness to use the application in an educational context. The results also indicated that (66.5%) of students use WhatsApp to exchange opinions and discuss lectures, and that (60.7%) rely on it to obtain educational process information, such as lecture schedules and exam dates. The results indicated that (54.8%) of students exchange academic files via WhatsApp, while (75.6%) believe that multimedia contributes to facilitating the understanding of study content. Furthermore, (79.3%) of students reported that using WhatsApp contributed to developing their technical skills, and (75.5%) see it as supporting self-learning, while (60.8%) confirmed that its use increases their motivation to learn. The results also showed that (88%) of students do not consider WhatsApp merely a chatting tool but rather an effective educational tool. Conversely, the study revealed some obstacles, represented by poor internet network, acknowledged by (88%) of students, in addition to the abundance of unimportant messages indicated by (54.7%), as well as the feeling of discomfort reported by (65.8%) due to the blending of personal and educational life. The study concluded that the WhatsApp application is an effective informational medium in supporting the educational process and achieving informational benefit for students, provided its use is organized academically, the role of faculty members is activated, and the infrastructure of internet networks within the university environment is improved
Carrier Aggregation for Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Advanced Mobile Communication Platform
This research implements and evaluates Carrier Aggregation (CA) techniques in LTE-Advanced networks to address escalating mobile data demands. Using LTE Link Layer Simulator in a 4G test bed, we investigate continuous spectrum aggregation at the physical layer, analyzing impacts on Block Error Rate (BER), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and throughput. Experimental results demonstrate that aggregated signals exhibit smooth BER-SNR characteristics while maintaining throughput efficiency approaching theoretical limits. The study confirms CA's viability for bandwidth expansion in next-generation networks, though implementation requires careful optimization to balance performance gains against processing complexity. These findings contribute practical insights into LTE-Advanced deployment, particularly regarding physical layer modifications necessary to support multimedia-rich mobile services
Study of the C(4×2) Structure Resulting from the Adsorption of CO Molecules on the MgO (001) Surface
This research presents a model simulating the c(4×2) surface superstructure formed by the physical adsorption of carbon monoxide molecules on the (001) MgO crystal surface, using the Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm. Simulation results indicate that the stable structure at low temperatures adopts the c(4×2) pattern, where the primitive cell contains three molecules, while the centered unit cell contains six molecules. Adsorption sites are found to cluster near Mg²⁺ ions, with a clear dominance of vertical over tilted molecules at a ratio of approximately 2:1. The tilted molecules stabilize at a polar angle of about 31°, which aligns well with data extracted from PIRS experiments. Previous findings have shown that vertical molecules centered directly above Mg²⁺ ions form regular rows occupying all surface sites, whereas tilted molecules deviate slightly from ion positions by distances on the order of tenths of an angstrom toward their inclination, forming alternating rows with vertical ones—every two tilted rows separated by one vertical row. The simulation also revealed that full monolayer coverage primarily consists of tilted rows, and that transformation and surface desorption processes lead to the formation of the c(4×2) arrangement, with one vertical row between tilted rows. The results of this work show strong consistency with data obtained from various experimental techniques.
Stability and Local Bifurcation Analysis of a Measles SVIR Model with Waning Vaccine-Induced Immunity
This study presents a mathematical model to investigate the transmission dynamics of measles in a population following the introduction of vaccination. The population is divided into four epidemiological compartments: Susceptible <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>S</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , Vaccinated <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>V</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , Infected <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>I</m:r><m:r>)</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>,</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> and Recovered <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>R</m:r><m:r>).</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> A key feature of the model is the inclusion of waning immunity induced by vaccination over time. A thorough mathematical analysis is performed to establish the positivity and boundedness of the model solutions, along with the existence and local stability of equilibrium points. Furthermore, the model is analyzed for the occurrence of local bifurcations, including Hopf bifurcations, to identify potential complex dynamical behaviors. Numerical simulations are conducted to validate the analytical findings and assess the influence of key parameters on the system dynamics
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Insights in Basic and Applied Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0